Liberal And Illiberal Democracies In The 20th Century Politics Essay

vainglorious And Il grownup Democracies In The 20th Century Politics EssayThe good turn point in the 20th century was declaring the supremacy of liberal land on world level, this is what Fukuyama said in his famous book the give the sack of the history which at the same magazine overlook the crimes of liberal nation against the non-European people.That is, the balance point of mankinds ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal commonwealth as the final form of human race giving medication.(Fukuyama,1992). It is easy to establish this venture on some historical evidences. So after the f both of Fascism in 1945, soviet communism was the main election to the western liberalism, but even out this collapsed by the outbreak of the revolutions in the Eastern Europe countries between 1989 and 1991, rejecting government principles of planning and interventions. As in Africa, Asia and Latin America the democratizing of the semipolitical system is done b y the proliferation of different parties and the growing tendency towards economic elucidate which is based on the market. Those continuing operations reflect the obvious favourable position of the liberal ideology over a nonher(prenominal) competitive ideologies. The future seems to be appargonnt by the shrinking of the economic and political difference at different rates to meet all on the liberal elected suppositional account.According to Fukuyamas argument, the victory of liberal democracy is the only solution that is confident to live and continue. Fukuyamas concept consists of two parts that are associated with each other. world-class is liberality the existence of a limited author of the deposit that allows individuals and citizens to shape a great deal of personal license and their potency to participate in political life by giving them the exemption of pattern and other different things. The second part is democracy which style, in Fukuyamas perspective, the unfeigned capacity of people to choose the governments they want. Fukuyama tries to emphasize that the U.S. is non the ideal fabric for his idea of liberal democracy. But at the same time he refuses any other model along these lines, so when the Chinas communism model was introduced, Fukuyama responded quickly by saying that Chinas economic success was due to their capability to get rid of the tenderist system and introduce their economic freedom as a substitute Japan may offer an alternative to Americas liberal democracy and combine a successful economy with social bonds. (Fukuyama, 2009, 85).In fact that is true but what China needs to be a liberal antiauthoritarian pastoral is to get rid of the single caller system and support the multi-party democracy.Fukuyama believed that liberal democracy and the market-oriented economic system are the only two alternatives that are able for application in the young societies. Now the World has seen the progress of the West over the re st of other societies, this is due to their belief that progress at both the scientific and theoretical attitudes goes back to their faith in liberal political thought. The democratic investigate in the West took root finished the law of the market and the transfer of power to the socialist parties in more than one European country all this confirms the credibility of the liberal democratic model in the world.To take care the differences between liberal and non-liberal democracyLiberal democracy does not entirely include elections and establishing some formalised democratic foundations like parliament and courts, it in like manner includes the creation of free press the rule of law an independent legal system the rights of minorities, the freedom of speech the ability of parties and individuals to seek to divert official positions peacefully through competitive elections as well as the governing body of independent well-bred foundations that are in charge of solving civil ians problems unconnected from any governmental control.Non-liberal (intolerant) democracy, which was established by the journalist and the editor Fared Zakaria, means a system in which elections are made where civil liberties and civil rights as well as the multiple dimensions of a real democratic society are severely limited or non-existent. Societies that were under the impression of totalitarian governments and were bear upon by ethnic and sectarian divisions were the most affected ones by such internal conflicts. So Zakaria was trying to illustrate that emancipation and democracy can only be connected in the western societies and not for the third world societies, that is because the liberal democracy system is not just about free elections, it exceeds that to include the rule of law, the separation of powers as well as the protection of fundamental freedoms to citizens such as the freedom of speech, of movement, of listening, of ownership and the freedom of religions.Zakar ia believed deeply in democracy and mentioned that democracy has travel from being a form of government to a way of active (the future of freedom,2003), but this didnt prevent him from criticizing this phenomenon, especially when it separated from liberalism its mixed retainer in the West to an extent that may cause an imbalance in governments power which could impede its performance or affect it negatively. To criticize illiberal democracy Zakaria set Hitler as an example who get to power through democratic elections, the point is that many dictatorship governance system round the world use the election system Which at the same time ignoring the constitutional limitations on its authority and.its citizens from their fundamental rights .Within this competition, cool it the differences in opinions between democracies a continuing problem, often these democracies differs among themselves about important political options such as the promotion of democracy, foreign economic policy and how outstrip to respond to threats of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, failed stats, ethnic conflict, violations of human rights. Despite the calls for formation of country of Democracies to for the weaknesses of the United Nations, the European Union and other international institutions to face the worlds problems, still the common standers remain over where should draw the line between liberal democracy and illiberal democracy a big problem. We cannot find practically of countries that wish to give priority to such a gathering upon their provided obligations to its regional bodies and other institutionsTo sum it up, the fall of the Berlin Wall two decades ago, the collapse of communism, the end of the Cold War, as well as the success of rebels in Ukraine and atomic number 31 are all signs of real progress for democracy. Thus the future victory has to be for the liberal democracy system according to Fukuyama and Zakaria. The way of surviving today is a democra tic way in spite of all the conflicts the information revolution the tendency to an open environment towards liberalization and the deprecative demonstrations demanding freedom like the way now in Iran. The other side of democracy or the negative side is that it can be utilise for violence, violence is becoming democratic in the way that any group of people are able to exercise violence and bombing without resorting to the state apparatus. Accordingly, terrorism is spreading under the name of democracy. Accordingly, the success of democracy is not inevitable. And as many American leaders starting from Roosevelt, Truman ending with Obama by saying that the aspiration for freedom of democracy is fundamentally a human yearning.In the 1990s Francis Fukuyama claimed that liberal democracy had won the twentieth centurys ideological battle. In contrast, Fareed Zakaria argued that the emergence of illiberal democracies threatens to discredit liberal democracy itself, stamp a shadow on d emocratic governance. Systematically discuss and study the foundations of Fukuyamas argument and how it has been countered by other liberal thinkers like Zakaria. Do international relations in the 21st century support or sabotage the idea of Liberalisms victory?

Critical Response Teen Magazines A Critical Analysis English Language Essay

Critical Response Teen Magazines A Critical abridgment English Langu shape up EssayMagazines aimed at the young puerile women commercialise may give the impression of be a filles best friend. Of course, kindred everything, they bring in their strengths and weaknesses just now do the strengths knocked by(p)weigh the weaknesses? It seems much likely for the interdict ensn argon of teen snips to be much prominent than the positive effects merely is this really the case?This response reviews the way teenr powder stores orchestrate bailiwicks relevant to young women today, curiously from the point of view of promoting flushed auto unsettled t get awayk characterization, safe sexual urge and leading social justice fucks. All these aspects atomic number 18 emphasised by techniques utilise in the composition of these garnishpings with phrase structure, optical collages and informal linguistic process being the most commonplace. Are the issues they c all over and the fulfilment to which they cover them suspend for their lectors? Teenage clippings, much(prenominal) as dame and Girlfriend, atomic number 18 often the first place striplings turn when they admit a line and that is when segments like Dolly Doctor1 ar most commonly used. This reinforces the take away for the powder magazines content to be appropriate for their subscribers however, this is not al shipway possible. Magazines, such as Cleo and cosmopolite, argon in a difficult position whilst they be aimed at the young adult market, 18 to 35-year-old women, a large proportion of their endorsers atomic number 18 between the age of 14 and 17. As reported in the individual magazines readership profiles, 35.16 per cent of oecumenical readers2argon decrepit between 14 and 17 and 29.11 per cent of Cleo readers.3How does this effect the teens who read these magazines? It appears that these effects are positive, such as encouraging their readers to exercise, as well up as negative, for instance lowering their self-esteem. why are teenage magazines so popular?Issues facing teenagersTeenage magazines spiel an important role in the average female teenagers life. They provide a wide range of cultivation, from social issues such as smoking and drinking, to issues of a less important nature, such as what to wear to the formal, or how to remonstrate to boys.4It is, t presentfore, important that they verbalize the relevant issues teenagers face in society today. atomic number 53 of the biggest issues addressed in teenage magazines is sex, and more importantly, safe sex. The impression you require when you pick up a teenage magazine is that they assume that if misfires are not sex savvy then they pauperization to be.5One teenage reader asked the incredulity fixing Chik6magazine wheres all the sex stories?7This simple question supports the theory that teenage magazines are not necessarily successful for the congeal reasons.Amongst some gr oups in society, such as the Christian churches, such reboots are often savvyd as im honourable. It as well makes these acts seem more common in society, which is not necessarily true. In position, 80 percent of 16 year-olds generate not had sexual intercourse but by the age of 18 theres a 50 per cent probability that they put one across.8Being a virgin is generally criticised by new(prenominal) teenagers. Despite the circumstance that magazines call forth safe sex, research has shown that safe sex does not exist unless cardinal virgins are having sex for the first eon and remain with severally other for life.9On the other hand, these magazines ramble articles on what their readers want to know. If Dolly magazine receive a letter asking for service of process ab place not wanting to have sex, they will run an article somewhat abstinence. Or if they receive a letter almost date rape, they will run an article slightly date rape and what to do nearly it. In the same r espect, if a reader asks Dolly, what is masturbation? they will respond with an appropriate article.10There seems to be a common perception that variant teenage magazines has contributed heavily to readers low self-esteem. As a result of this perception, today teenage magazines seek to promote a health physical structure word picture. Dolly magazine has a specific section in every issue called the remains Confidence Club11that is dedicated to motivating teenagers to be content with their mortalate. This ranges from advice on exercising and meditation to healthy eating. Often it will include real-life stories to help teenagers to believe if it worked for them, it preserve work for me The deputy editor of Dolly magazine saidWe never publish diets or ever say that a girl should lose weight, its only ever or so toning up if thats what you want to touch sensation better around yourself.12The Body Confidence Club is a reader forum where Dolly talks about a automobile trunk issu e and does it in a way that is inspirational. Stories will reflect the line and show solutions, stimulating teenagers to think that they sewer change as well as. Publishing articles on healthy soundbox image near to fashion spreads glorifying all that is overblown and jaggy13can have a negative effect. What girls need to look on is that Marilyn Monroe was a size 14 and she was still ciphered beautiful.14Even Cosmopolitan has dealt with the issue of carcass image, introducing the Body Love Initiative in October 2001. This policy states that Cosmopolitan will use models from size 6 to size 16 in every issue, as well as all races. Alongside the models, Cosmopolitan will not publish a diet and has not do so for around s dismantle years. They too determine that their advertisers do not place unnecessary emphasis on the need to be skinny and consistently publish articles to help readers feel more confident and manage the skin they are in. These guidelines were put into place after readers became outraged over a exposure shoot, Lingerie Gets Real, featuring women in their underwear.15Cosmopolitans philosophy isHealthy eating, healthy body image but being within your healthy body weight range all about persuasion good in your own skin.16another(prenominal) issue addressed by these magazines concerns popularity amongst peers. This is an important issue in the minds of teenagers, especially in the school environment. The common perception that you have to be cool to cause the prudence of a boy increases the haul of becoming popular. To quash this assumption Dolly magazine focuses on the fact that popularity is not as important as being confident. Therefore they run stories about how to talk to people, both boys and girls, and how to be more confident in different situations.17However, confidence is just integrity part of it. If a teenager does not feel popular she is less likely to be confident. So it is important to address popularity as an issue o f concern.Mental health and mankind assistance are important issues to address for teenagers. They need to gain go outing of the causes, occurrences and oversight of these disorders. Without this knowledge there are often misconceptions about disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Suicide, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and self-harm are all common musical themes of backchat in Dolly magazine because of the some(prenominal) letters received requesting schooling about certain mental illnesses. The deputy editor of Dolly states thatIn all of those stories we do talk to experts about the issue and get learning that the girls can use.18Cosmopolitan, on the other hand, always runs feel-good articles in the magazine each month to help their readers overcome their own anxiety and stress19but they do not run articles to increase the awareness of mental illnesses. Illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are rarely mentioned in Cosmopolitan.Physical evil i s another issue that needs to be dealt with. This is to ensure that teenagers acknowledge that people with physical impairments are not different. Dolly often publishes articles on the life story of someone with a physical impairment to show the readers that despite this impairment and the obstacles in their life they still rest normally and they are like whatever other psyche. However, Cosmopolitan and Cleo kick downstairs to cover issues about physical impairment.How magazines are com couchdHow do magazines channel people to read so many articles and view the optic images constructed in each monthly issue? This is achieved through the language and visual techniques that are used and accentuated to capture the attention of the reader. These include structure, interviews, language features, appeal-quotes, rhetorical questions and visual texts.Firstly, the structure of most feature articles is changing. They are beginning to be divide by many sub-headings. By using sub-headin gs it allows the reader to go dependable to the part of the article they are particularly elicit in. For example in the Dolly article, The Rise of the at once Edgers,20if a person knew what a Straight Edger is, but was wondering where the name came from they can go to the sub-section, Whats with the name?21Or if they wanted to palpate out more, they are directed to the section, Wanna know more?22This means that a person can get what they want out of the article quickly without having to read the entire article.The types of articles also vary from stories, interviews and notes. Stories are effective in entertaining as well as informing. The investigation into the statistic that 1 in 5 women will experience violence during motherliness23is informing the reader about the risks of violence during pregnancy as well as telling the stories of women who lost their lives at the hand of the father of their unborn child.The use of interviews creates the impression that the reader is commu nicating with the interviewee, and not indicant it blink of an eye hand. An interview, such as Tammin Sursoks subtitled, The first time I ,24gives the reader the feeling of having a conversation with your best friend about the first time you kissed a boy had sex fell in love 25This creates the effect that the reader is getting to know the celebrity personally, instead of just class period a magazine interview. The use of first person also emphasizes this in the mind of the reader. This approach is taken in most interviews in magazines in an attempt to personalize the article for the reader.Notes allow the reader to go instantly to scant(p) bits of information. In Rags to Riches26the reader can quickly obtain small pieces of fact from the spreadsheet of information. These text formats allow different readers to access the information that is of specific beguile to them.The language used amongst teenage magazines is informal, conversational and intact of jargon and jargoon. This is because these magazines try to speak to the reader, not speak at them. You could deem that if one of these magazines happened to use formal language it would appear as though the magazine is a text book and very serious. Informal language creates a much more tendingfree approach to topics of discussion office the reader to relate more intimately. For example, if this sentenceWhen you look at Jade, she strikes you as just another spunky chick, in miniature27was written formally it would say something along the lines ofUpon viewing Jade, your first impression of her would be, a short but fashionable woman.Instead, using informal language helps to keep the teenagers interested and they are more likely to read and understand what is being said. It also fits in with each magazines philosophy28 to be the readers friend and adviser.Jargon and slang reaches the teenagers on their train. In this particular sentence slang is adopted powerfully and still manages to communicate its contentednessYou probably heard Paris Hilton threw a tanti when she saw her porn vid being sold by her local newsstand proprietor29Words such as tanti and vid are slang for tantrum and video. The finding of this language is to relate to the teens by communicating to them using their own jargon. affectional language is used to create a response in the reader and is present in sections like Dolly Doctor30and Sex, Body and Friends Advice31. Its role is to convey the message that the writers at each magazine truly care about the issues people are asking about and they offer original advice to help their reader. When Girlfriend Advice was questioned about bullying, their response wasAll of us here at GF Girlfriend feel very strongly that you have a in good order to feel totally safe at school.32The expression of concern for the girl being bullied helps the girl to believe that they really care.Dolly magazine also does the same thing. When Dolly counsellor, Louise Redmond, was asked about whether there is something wrong with a girl who keeps being excluded from her friendship groups plans she respondsTheres absolutely nothing wrong with you Hard as it is, dont take it personally.33As a result of this expression of kindness and concern the person asking the question then feels compelled to follow the advice handed out to them by the magazine. The use of second person addresses the reader. Its inclusiveness embraces each readers concerns.Pull-quotes are used within articles to compel you to read an article. A pull-quote is a quote from the article that is selected and highlighted amongst the text in a different coloured and larger coat font. This device is used to draw the readers eye to the paginate. The quote is chosen on its strength and whether or not it is interesting, funny, exciting or riveting.34For example, in the article titled, Im a teenage mum of three,35the pull-quote,All of my friends lost their virginity before me, but Iwanted to wait until I f elt ready to have a baby36interests the reader into reading the article to find out why this teenager has threechildren by the age of seventeen. This is effective in attracting interest and attention to the article. However, other pull-quotes can seem completely contrary to the story. For example, an article titled My parents are both blind37with a pull quoteIf someones playing kickball I run off coz Im scared about it hitting me38This pull-quote seems completely out of context, however, by causing confusion about the article teenagers are more likely to read the article. If only to find out how that pull-quote relates to an article about something perceivably different.Rhetorical questions invoke thought about the issue being addressed. If the issue is not a well-known topic questions such asDoes he love it? Hate it?39strategically pose at the beginning of the article encourages readers to engage in reading and contemplating the article. The composers of the magazines have, there fore, reached its usage to persuade people to read their publications.Emphasised questions help to make the reader focus on what an article is addressing. The majority of the questions asked are answered within the body of the article.What can you do to stop the symptoms?40is answered,Learn new and better ways to deal with stress. Eat a varied diet and avoid foods that have a high fat content41This allows the reader to gain solving on the topic of discussion.If you were to pick up the in style(p) Dolly magazine to find that there were no pictures at all, what would you think? Without images these magazines would have no appeal, people would just walk straight past them in a shop. The problem begins at the appropriateness of these visual images. Often an article would not survive without images or be overlooked if it was not for the suggestive images meet the text.The most prominent visual technique is a collage, especially on the front cover. It is the most effective way of put ting a great deal of information into a small space. A collage is used in Dollys Style section42and presents to the reader four celebrities, their fashion style, and the habiliments articles and accessories they can obtain to achieve the same fashion style.Some articles, such as How Old Is She?43, could not exist without pictures. How do you demonstrate that a person looks young or old for their actual age without images? These pictures, however, seize the readers attention and intrigue them to find out how old these girls really are. Other pictures are used to tease the reader into reading the article. Images such as the one in Great Places To Kiss44catches the readers eye and provokes them to read the article. Even the image for the article Stop Texting Me45provokes the reader. They see a girl with a mobile phone and quickly examine the article to see if it is of any interest to them.In Cosmopolitans fashion workshop46visual images are essential to apologize why you should not wear certain types of underwear for different body shapes. However, Cosmopolitan has taken some poetic licence. In the images showing the reader what not to wear they place the model in an unflattering pose and appearing self-conscious. This creates the effect that it is not something the reader would want to wear. Of course, when the model is corroding what ultimately looks better she appears to be happy and confident, posing with a smile.A recurring way of presenting photos is in the notice board style. Each photo has a thick white border and a paper clip or thumb-tack in the corner, giving the effect that the photos are up on a notice board, attached to a personal profile or even part of a personal notebook.47Personalising these photos involves the reader in the magazine and creates a carefree atmosphere.Consequently, the combination of these techniques makes a teenage magazine intrigue to the reader. This results from being positioned by the composer in a location easily appro achable to read or view the text. By making these magazines intriguing and easily accessible allows the magazines to sell many copies of each monthly issue.Magazines and Appropriateness many a(prenominal) people tend to focus on the negative aspects of what teenagers are reading in magazines. Christopher Bantick, The Age journalist, wroteBesides the heavy emphasis on sex and problematic sex at that teenage girls magazines capitalize on adolescent insecurity.48Although this is accurate, Bantick could be optimistic and, instead of reinforcing common beliefs about magazines, he could address the fact that these magazines do aim to reach out to teenagers at their level and help them with their insecurities, whether that would be about sexual intercourse or not. Magazines have implemented sections within the magazines where their readers can write in to ask for advice49about something they feel uncomfortable asking their parents or even their friends.Many parents do not like what their daughters are reading in these teenage magazines, as evident by the Your Say section of The Age,50but many more are actually dejected that their daughters are increment up too fast and interested in such topics of discussion. Articles regarding Sex Exotica51would seem improper for a 14-year-old female to be reading. such an article may be appropriate for Cosmopolitans market audience, 18 to 35 year olds. However, the editors should take into work out that a large percentage of the readers, 35.16 per cent52to be exact, are aged between 14 and 17. However, if Cleo and Cosmopolitan were to change their content to suit the junior readers than they may lose readers and they would not be aimed at the 18 to 35 year old market any longer. It seems, with these two magazines in particular, they are mostly focused on topics such as sexual intercourse.Parents feel these magazines are not appropriate because of a perceived breach of moral standards. Cosmopolitans morals were questioned whe n a monthly issue was on sale in a Woolworths store. They received many complaints about a headline regarding a guide to a mind-blowing blow-job.53Cosmopolitan were forced to place stickers over this headline as it was inappropriate for the consumers in a supermarket.Many critics consider it inappropriate for young teenagers to be reading material such as that in Cosmopolitan and Cleo, and it is just as inappropriate forpre-teenagers to be reading Dolly or Girlfriend with the content they represent. Magazines have the potential to check young minds about what is acceptable and unacceptable in society as well as altering their way of thinking about sexual intercourse and gender roles.There are other reasons why teenage magazines appeal to a young audience. Firstly, there are the striking colours, secondly, the renowned boy or girl splashed across the cover page and thirdly, the desire to be cooler and mature for their age.These magazines reveal little about the value of academic ac hievement and intellectual challenges. It is fair to say that the disposition is not the hot organ at the centre of the teenage magazine world. This lack of concern about formal pedagogy is reflected in Dolly and Girlfriend with less than 20 per cent54of articles focused on education and/or intelligence. Only Cosmopolitan and Cleo frequently publish articles about careers. However, of the articles produce in each magazine, less than 5 per cent55of the articles are found on careers.The effects of these magazinesTeenage magazines can affect teenagers in many ways, both positively and negatively. However because people tend to focus on the negatives it appears as though most of these effects are, in fact, negative. A strike by the British Medical Association56has shown thatThe media are a momentous and pervasive ascertain in modern society, and provide information about gender roles, fashion and acceptable body image which may be particularly influential on those young children and adolescents who are heavily loose to its content57AndYoung women may compare themselves to extremely thin models and perceive themselves as fat in comparison, rather than healthy and attractive58This pattern of influence on an already precarious teenager could result in social and psychological problems. These include eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, anxiety problems, depression and low self-esteem in susceptible personalities. Such problems are not healthy for the individual and restrict their quality of life.These problems, especially anxiety and low self-esteem, may arise from viewing the cover of any teenage magazine. This visual imagery may cause teenagers to feel insecure about their own body image, out of touch with the latest trends and even upset. Positioned on the cover of Dolly59magazine, April 2005, is an image of singer, Jessica Simpson, who is thin, toned, tanned, blonde, beautiful and in public view is her tight stomach and ample bust. For any girl who is not one hundred per cent comfortable with her outward appearance that image can be disheartening and depressing. Those who do not recognise the name or face of the latest guys youd sell your best friend for60can feel as though they are not up with the latest gossip or workings of, so to speak, girl-world. Those who do not understand the headline Stuck in Bloat Town?61can become confused even before opening the magazine. All of these thoughts and feelings occur before the person has even opened the magazine.Once the magazine is opened, however, the feelings may continue or cease, it all depends on what part of the magazine the reader focuses on. The advertisements tend to disseminate a completely different message than the articles they are placed next to and results in vulnerable teenage girls feeling uncertain about what message the magazine is trying to send. This mainly occurs when an article about healthy body image is placed next to image displaying a perceivably flawless, thin model.62Another impact on teenagers is caused by the fashions that models are seen wearing in magazines. These fashions influence the readers preferences. Teenagers will believe that if they wear that brand of clothing and that style of clothing they will look better and impress. This is not always the case, the clothes in magazines are often suggestive and send the wrong message. It could be taken that shes asking for trouble and a rebel when she is only following trends being fed by the magazines.Males can also be affected by these magazines, as well as females. It is a widely known fact that these images misrepresent the ideal body image forfemales butThere is growing awareness regarding the pressure men and boys are under to appear muscular.

Free Surface Energy of Polymers

Free bob up Energy of PolymersFree go forth force of polymers. Poly(itaconate)s and poly(methacrylate)sLigia Gargallo1, Claudia Aguirre2, Angel Leiva2, Deodato RadicAbstract The salve spring up postcode (SE) for a series of mono and diesters derived from poly(itaconic) acid, was firm by wettability measurements and estimated by theoretical calculations from Sugdens Parachor. For these polymers it was ascertained a decreaseing in the cede grow cypher as the sizing of the chain of the alkyl groups in monoitaconates and diisoalkylitaconates increases. However, it did non allow to get determine of the thaw muster up talent comparable with data- ground determine, exception was for poly(2-chloroethyl diitaconate) and poly(3-chloropropyl diitaconate) where the observational and theoretical variation was comparable. It means that the Sugden method match well for these polymers. Additionally, it was determined the salvage push through get-up-and-go for some polymers from poly(methacrylic acid) derivatives, specifically poly(phenyl methacrylate)s (PPhMA). For these systems a decrease in the put down fold energy is observed, when a fluorine segment was introduced into the phenyl group. In general there was not a good correlation coefficient between observational values and those estimated through the theoretical calculations. The influence of polymeric hit weightiness and topography on the purpose of while away burthen was canvas for poly(phenylmethacrylate)s. The results show that the photographic film weightiness to determine contact tippytoe essential be over 254 A.1. IntroductionIn general it is rattling well known that cod to the lack of coat mobility, the wax tenseness of a solid phase is too different to a eloquent phase. So that, it is not possible to measure directly the surface stress of a solid phase, as it is the incase of a liquifiable phase. It had been employ several independent approximations to estimate the su rface tension on a given system surface solid, being the measurement of contact angle the most practical way1-11 .The surface of a solid, as well as of a liquid, has an additional fire energy, but due to this lack of mobility in the surface of solids this energy is not possible to measure directly. 12 It means that the free surface energy can be estimated by wettability measurements in an substantiative way, as shown in Figure 1. 13,14An approximation to estimate the surface energy of solids is based on the interpretation of contact angle of sesil dismiss.Figure 1. Sesil decline over a solid surface. The arrows represent the surface energies when they are explained homogeneous forces of surface tension.From the schematic representation on Figure1, and considering the equilibrium state, the Youngs equation is obtained. This equation establishes a relationship between the contact angle and the lead surface tensions (2)where is the contact angle, s is the surface energy of solid- vapor interface, sl is the surface energy solid-liquid interface and l the surface energy at liquid-vapor interface.The diffusion force and polar contribution to SE, d and p, respectively, can be measured by using the Owens, Wendt and Kaelble method. 15-17The aim of this work is to obtain culture well-nigh the free surface energy of several polymers with different chemical structures and conglomerate side chains. It was also interesting to clarify the inflence of the thickness and topography of the film in the determination of the SE of the polymeric systems canvass.2. ExperimentalSynthesis and characterization of poly(diisoalkylitaconate)s, poly(monoitaconate)s and poly(methacrylate)sDiisoalkylitaconates were obtained by conventional acid catalyzed esterification of itaconic acid using sulphuric acid in toluene and the corresponding acohols. 18-20 glandular feveritaconates were obtained by reaction of itaconic acid with the respective alcohols on a lower floor fairly acidic conditions according to the method described by bread maker et al., 21,22 for lower monoesters.Methacrylates were inclined(p) by reaction of methacryloyl chloride with the appropriate alcohols in toluene solutions and N.N-dimethylaniline at reflux temperature during 24 h. nicety of the monomers was achieved by distillation chthonic reduced pressure (0.5 mm Hg) as previously reported 23,24 for diitaconates and methacrylates. Purification of monoitaconates were achieved by repeated crystallization from toluene. The monomer structures and purity were confirmed by 1H-NMR and invisible spectroscopy with Fourier Transform (FT-IR). Polymerization was achieved in bulk at 340 and 350 K, depending on the monomer, using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator under N2 (polymerization time 48-60 h regeneration 70%) for diitaconates, 48 h for monoitaconates yield 35% and 10-3 w/w % of AIBN in benzene solution under vacuum in the case of methacrylates (polymerization time, 48 h conversio n 65%).Preparation of Polymeric films.Films of poly(monoitaconate)s and poly(diitaconate)s were prepared by dehydration of dilute solutions (0,05 g/dL) in tetrahydrofuran (THF), over the film over and atomic topic 14 wafer plates. Poly(metacrylate)s were prepared from dilute solutions 0.05 g/dL in chloroform. arrive at angle measurements get up free energy.The total surface energies of the polymers were determined by wettability measurements with water, diiodomethane and ethyleneglycol. Polymers films were cast onto glass slides for optical microscopy and silicon wafer. The cast films were dried for 30 min at 393 K. The wettability of the polymer films was determined by contact angle measurements. striking angles were measured using a contact angle system oca by Dataphysics with a conventional goniometer and high performance video camera, controlled by SCA20 software. A syringe connected to a Teflon capillary of active 2 mm inner diameter was used to supply liquid into the ses sile drops from above. A sessile drop of about 0.4-0.5 cm r was used. The contact angles were measured carefully from the left and right side of the drop and subsequently averaged. These procedures were repeated for six drops of each liquid on three new surfaces. All reading were then averaged to give an average contact angle. All experiments were performed at room temperature.Determination of polymeric film thickness by ellipsometry.Optical Assembly.The ellipsometer used has a polarizer, a compensator, the sample, an analyser and a detector. The light source comes from He-Ne laser whose wavelength is 632.8 nm, that fall onto the sample with an angle of 60.65. The analyzer remains fixed at an angle of 24.256, and the polarizer is mechanisticly adjusted so that the detector does not record any signal. Silicon wafers (Silicon doped with bacillus crystalline plates) were used as substrates. Pieces of 12 x 12 mm were used. The most important characteristic of these substrates, are the refractive index of silicon of 3.877 + 0.019 25, 26 and the refractive index of PPhMA was 1.5706 27. Substrates were also properly cleaned and dried, being their typical polarisation angle between 43.8 and 43.9.Preparation of films of poly(phenylmethacrylate).The film of PPhMA was prepared by evaporation of the polymeric solution in chlorform over the silicon wafer. In severalise to get different films thickness of PPhMA, different concentration of the polymeric solutions were used. Concentrations were 0.05 g/dL, 0.10 g/dL, 0.20 g/dL, 0.30 g/dL and 0.40 g/dL.Estimation of film topography.Morphological analysis of surface films of poly(phenylmethacrylate) were done by Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM). A film of PPhMA of 94 10 thickness was prepared from a solution of 0.05 g/dL in chloroform and deposited over a silicon wafer as substrate.3. Results and Discussion.Polymers studied in this work were mono and diesters from poly(itaconic) acid, and to boot some polymers from poly(m ethacrylic) acid were also studied. The sixteen polymers studied are shown in scheme 1.Surface free energy was determined by metre the contact angles (CAs) of water, ethyleneglycol and diiodomethane on the polymeric surfaces. The dispersion d and polar p contributions were calculated by the Owens, Wendt and Kaelble methods. 15,16, 28,29 The results obtained by wettability measurements of polymeric systems studied are summarized in slackens 1 to 4. In the same tables are the surface energy calculated from Sudgens parachor ( =(Ps/V)4) for the same polymers.In the case of poly(diisoalkyl itaconate)s it can be seen that the number of methylene groups increases the asquint chain, the calculated surface energy values decreases. This is a normal behaviour because the hydrophobicity of the polymer must increase. However, it did not allow to get experimental values that present this behavior. As it is important to consider the possible errors on the determination of SE values due to the effects of the roughness and at the same time the thickness on adsorbed polymers. For this reason the film thickness was studied to clarify its influence on the measurement of contact angle.Mono esters of poly(itaconic) acidDiesters of poly(itaconic) acidPoly (methacrylic) acidScheme 1In array to get films with different thickness the concentration of the solution of poly(phenylmethacrylate), PPhMA, was modified. Thicknesses and topography of the films were measured by ellipsometry on silicon wafer substrates. It was found a good linear correlation between film thickness and polymer concentration. (Regression coefficient R=0.98955).Surface free energy of substrates used was also determined in order to obtain this information to perform appropriate comparison of the results dealing with this polymer. The film thickness determination for PPhMA was made on silicon wafer, and on a glass plate. The surface free energy values in both substrates were compared. flurry 5 shows surface fre e energy values found for PPhMA in these substrates.Topography of the surface of PPhMA film at a thickness of 94 A was studied by SEM micrography. It was found that the polymer is homogenously distributed on the silicon wafer substrate, showing a surface with regular porosity. This demonstrates that PPhMA film whose thickness is 94 , the surface is not whole cover and it produces in the measurement of the contact angle non reproducible values, due to the liquid will penetrate itself within the holes.Determination of surface free energy for PPhMA was performed at different film thickness. It was observed that for films thickness of PPhMA greater than 24513 A there is a better reproducibility in the values of contact angle obtained. The SE values are shown in Table 6.4. ConclusionsPoly(monoitaconate)s with large lateral chains as poly(monodecylitaconate) and poli(monododecylitaconate), it was found that the surface free energy decreases as the length of the alkyl group increases. It allows concluding that the polymer increases its hydrophobic character, as its lateral chain increases. It is in agreement with its chemical structure. The surface free energy calculated through the Parachor parameter, for the poly(monoitaconate)s studied, decrease as the lateral chain increases its size.The estimation of surface free energy for the poly(diisoalkyl)itaconates, through Parachor, allows detect a decrease in the surface free energy for polymers, as the length of lateral chain increase that is direct relation with the experimental work done. However, this work does not allow getting surface free energy values for those polymers comparable with the experimental value. The theoretical method of Sugden was not adequate to estimate those measurements.For polymers poly(2-chloroethyl diitaconate) and poli(3-chloropropyl itaconate), the variation of experimental and theoretical surface free energy was slight. It will imply that Sugden method is well fitted for those polymers. The study of surface free energy for poly(phenylmethacrylate)s shows that the introduction of a fluorine atom at phenyl group generates a decrease in its surface free energy.For poly(phenylmetacrylate), the results showed the film thickness, needed to determinate the contact angle, need to be higher than 24513 A.The difference in the measurement of surface free energy between those experimentally determined and those estimated since Parachor, are related to the complexity of the monomeric structure. It is likely that the muckle of each group or atomic unit would be influenced by interactions of neighbor atoms within the monomeric unit. Therefore calculations of surface free energy based on the table of structural contributions of Sugdens Parachor would not fit at the experimental values.Acknowledgements. DR and AL. thanks to Fondecyt 1120091 for parcial finantial support.References1 T. Rabockai Fsico-Qumica de Superficies, Ed. The General Secretariat of the organization of America n States Washington, D.C., Brazil, (1979).2 M. Daz Pea, M., Qumica Fsica, Vol. II, cap.25. (1976).3 R. A. L.Jones, R. W. Richards, Polymers at Surfaces and Interfaces, Ed. Cambridge University Press, U.K., (1999).4 W.A. Zisman, polish off Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Advances in Chemistry Series American Chemical Society Washington, D.C., record book 43, (1964).5 K. Ma, T. Chung, R. Good, Surface energy of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyesters and polyesteramide. J. Polym. Sci. Part B 36,(1988) 2327-2337.6 O. Driedger, AW Neumann, PJ cuckold Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion. Kolloid-ZZ. Polymere, 201 (1965), p. 52J. Kolloid-Z Z Polym. 52, (1965) 201,7A.W. Neumann, R.J. Good, C.J. Hope, M.J. Sejpal, Colloid Interface Sci., Physico-chemical surface characterization of hyaluronic acid derivatives as a new class of biomaterials Colloid Interface Sci. 49,(1974) 291-3028 Spelt K., Li, D. In A. W. Neumann, J. K. Spelt, Eds., employ Surface Thermo high-powereds Marcel De kker New York, pp. (1966) 239-292.9 D.K. Owens, R.C. Wendt, Estimation of the surface free energy of polymers J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 13, 1741-1747 (1969).10 C.J. Van Oss, K. Chaudhury, R. Good,. Interfacial Lifshitz-van der Waals and Polar Interactions in Macroscopic Systems J. Chem. Rev., 88 (1988), 927-941.11. A. Kwok, A. Li, A. W. Neumann., Low-rate dynamic contact angles on poly(methyl methacrylate/ethyl methacrylate, 30/70) and the determination of solid surface tensions. J. of Polym. Sci., Part B Polymer Physics, 37,(1999) 2039-2051).12 Van Krevelen D. W., Properties of Polymers, their estimation and correlation with Chemical structure, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Chap. 8, (1976)13 L. Makkonen, On the methods to determine surface energies, Langmuir, 16, (2000) 76697672.14L. Gargallo, D. Radi, Structure/Surface energy relationships of polymers. Current Trends in Polymer science 6 (2001)121-133.15 A. Rudawska, E. Jacniacka, Analysis for determining surface free energy uncertainty by the OwenWendt method International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 29, 2009, Pages 45145716 M. J. Owen Surface tension of polytrifluoropropylmethylsiloxane Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988) 89590117 D. K. Owens, R. C. Wendt. Estimation of the surface free energy of polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13, (1969) 1741-174718 J.M.G. Cowie, I.J. McEwen, J. VelikoviDynamic mechanical spectra of poly(itaconic acid esters) containing phenyl and cyclohexyl rings. Polymer , 16 (1991) 869-872.19 D. Radi, C. Dain, A. Opazo, A., L. Gargallo, Functionalized Polymers 1. poly(dichloroalkyl itaconate)s. Synthesis and Solution Properties. Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp. 58,(1992) 209-21320D. Radi, L. Gargallo, Synthesis, Solution behavior and reactivity ratios of vinylpyrrolidone-co-monoalkylitaconate and vinylpyrrolidone-co-dialkylitaconate, Macromolecules, 30 (1997) 817-82521 B.R. Baker, R.E.. Shaub, G.H. Williams, Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic Acids. Aguide to current frequent practice, G. Tojo, M. Fernandez Springer, J. Org. Chem., 17, (1952) 122-125.22 L. Gargallo, D. Radic, A. Len, Polymer conformation and viscosimetric behavior 3. Synthesis, characterization and conformational studies in poly(mono-n-octyl itaconate) Makromol. Chem. 186, (1985) 1296.23. Burtle, J. G., Turek, W.N. J. Org. Chem., 19, 1567 (1954).24. L. Gargallo, M.I. Muoz, D. Radi, Polymer conform,ation and viscometric behavior 1. Conformational transition in poly(benzylmethacrylate) in dilute solution Polym. Bull. 10, (1983) 264-270.25 enchiridion of Chemistry and Physics, 79th ed., Ed., David R. Lide (CRC, Boca Raton), (1999).26 Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Ed. Robert C. Weast and Melvin J. Astle (CRC, Boca Raton), (1985).27 Brandrup J., Immergut E.H. Polymer Handbook, Third Edition, Ed. sewer Wiley sons, New York, (1989).28L. Gargallo, D. Vargas, N. Becerra, C. Sandoval, C. Saldas, A. Leiva, D. Radi, Supramolecular structures. Organization and Surface b ehavior at interfaces, Macromol Symp., 278, (2009) 80-88.29C. Saldas, L. Gargallo, C. Sandoval, A. Leiva, D. Radi, J. Caballero, M Saavedra, F. Gonzlez-Nilo, Polymer 50 (2009) 2926-2932.Table 1. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(diisoalkylitaconates)sTable 2. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(2-chloroethyl diitaconate) andpoli(3-chloropropyl diitaconate)Table 3. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(monoitaconate)sTable 4. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(phenylmethacrylate)sTable 5. Surface free energy for substratesTable 6.Values of the surface free energy for poly(phenylmethacrylate) at differentfilm thicknesses1

The Impact Of ECommerce On Tesco Plc Information Technology Essay

The Impact Of ECommerce On Tesco Plc Information engineering science EssayIn 1919, Jack Cohen founded Tesco as he began to sell nimiety groceries from a st entirely in the East End of London. On his starting cartridge clip daytime, his profit was 1 with total gross gross revenue of 4. In 1924, Jack exchange his first receive-brand product which was Tesco Tea and this was before the participation was called Tesco. The name comes from the initials of TE Stock well, who was a opusner in the firm of tea suppliers, and CO from jacks surname. In 1929 Jack Cohen opens his first Tesco store in Burnt Oak, Edgw atomic number 18, trades union London. 1932 and Tesco Stores Limited became a private limited ships come with. Two years subsequently in 1934, Jack Cohen bought a spot of land at holy man Road, Edmonton, north London to build a unsanded headquarters and storage wargonho part. It was the first modern food w arho drug ab role in the country and introduced naked ide as for cardinal blood control. Furthermore, in 1947, Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd floats on the Stock Exchange with a dower footing of 25p, and in 1956, the first Tesco self-importance-importance- receipts super food market opens in a born-again cinema in Maldon. The list below shows further expansion by Tesco PLC at bottom the subsequent yearsAnnual sales exceed 2 billionCom honkerised check bulge outs introduced into the first Tesco stores1983Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd becomes Tesco PLC1995Would I Buy It initiative is launched to stop that products atomic number 18 al looks of the highest quality for nodesTesco becomes the market-leading food retailerTesco Clubcard is launched1996Tesco launches 24 hour occupation1999Tesco enters South KoreaTesco launches a youthful on- describe bookstore and on-line situateingTesco publishes supermarket price comparisons on the internetcc0Tesco.com is launched2004Tesco enters ChinaTesco launches own-brand Fair-trade strayTesco Broadba nd is launchedTesco.com becomes first study British supermarket to enter music xeroxload market2005Tesco exits the Taiwanese market in an asset swap deal with Carrefour involving stores and mathematical operations in the Czech RepublicTesco Home electropositive launchesTesco announces annual profits of 2 billion2006Tesco mold launches2009Tesco launcheswww.tesco.com/c plentifulnesshingClubcard re-launched in the UK with 150 one jillion million million investment offering customers the opportunity to double up their vouchers2010Tesco opens the worlds first zero-carbon supermarket in Ramsey, CambridgeshireTesco opens its first Lifes step mall in Qingdao, China.More k straightledge on the history and progress of the telephoner end-to-end the years clear be seen on the caller-ups corporate website.Here argon virtually common Tesco logos that fuck be seen aroundhttp//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQaFF1G-B2Pd3iXLWuhEoxiXI2BfXEPatERE12y9CX7VSkScZ http//t1.gstatic.com/image s?q=tbnANd9GcS9vEIPDWGJMiMAThPnTWaTjp_LHes8YvMuQ5z_T6EhEzgSlyix http//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQqpNKamt2FQnmOZthlHgFaRLyzlO_oRZDKWZ72QS6agwBy811Jhttp//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTGdVEEIbImv3nFiGQSkonLltz7w77rmlXaaTEEPeMovbxd5iBM http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTMe4aTQ6V4FOR4f6ULiORWC8nlEBcjLYJ-wu4ATwiFA8VpNt61HOW TESCO employ TO DO BUSINESS.In Tescos early days, as seen from the original operations, grocery products were exchange from market stalls until the first Tesco store was opened in North London in 1929. Then in 1934, the owner bought a plot of land to build a pertly headquarters and a w arhouse and introduced cutting ideas for pennyral bear control. In 1956 Tesco opened a self service supermarket in a converted cinema in Maldon which meant that batch could go in and pick their own items of interest from the shelves and profess their manner to checkout points or tills for payment. Initially, Tescos merchandising operations would digest refer the use of TVs, Radio, newspapers, mail shots and billboards. Then in 1982, reckonerised checkouts were introduced into the first Tesco stores and the play alongs annual sales exceeded 2 billion. Here we substructure see the integration of ready reckonerised operations including the centralised stock control to get a picture of the early stages of e- traffic do its air into the business operations.HOW E-COMMERCE HAS TRANSFORMED TESCOS METHOD OF WORKING.With the integration of computerised systems in operations both(prenominal) at stock control levels, data keister and checkout levels, Tesco launched the Tesco clubcard which allowed customers to earn points from every procure they made. This involved a brief registration of the customers name, send for number and manner of speaking expound and the issuance of a private card precisely this withal meant that the fraternity now had a database of loyal customers and every fourth dimension these separate were utilise by a c ustomer, Tesco could tell what had been purchased in order to guide the points but in the process, the company could practise predictions about plastered goods and items and they could prodigally send in offers and coupons to customers based on what they thought each individual customer would be provoke in, either based on a previous purchase or based on a new product. This greatly allowed customers who had the clubcard to relate to Tesco on an almost personal shop experience, but the underlying factor here(predicate) was in the use of this particular e-commerce employment amongst separate(a)s.Then the company launched of the 24 hour barter in 1996, which at that stage had a lot to do with the application of computerised and electronic methods of operation, in manners that could maximise the readiness of the companys operations from the warehouses to the tills. This involved electronic methods of stock control to assist with constant replenishment when necessary, qua ntify management, use of barcodes, video and radio commercials, coupons and printed flyers promoting the organic range, etc. all told this time, Tesco was as well as busy expanding their supranational branches to as far as Asia and in 1999, the company launched a new on-line bookstore and on-line banking and also published supermarket price comparisons on the internet. Here again we gage see that the companys use of e-commerce is expanding at such a rate that competitors would tolerate had to switch their seatbelts well tight in order to catch up with this titan retailer.In the year 2000, Tesco launched Tesco.com which underlyingally began the all Tesco/internet revolution of shopping online with Tesco for almost every star sign product that the customers needed. With an online platform to advertise and sell products, Tesco.com had made a vogue for the company to deliver its grocery goods and some other services to customers in the puff of air of their own homes and w ithout the need to go to the stores. This was the closest to uttermost toilet facility both for the customers who could now shop anytime and stir their goods delivered at conveniently hold times, and also for the company who could now reach a bulkyr range of deal both heartyly and geographically while at the same time reducing traffic in the stores. Customers could pick from all sorts of products including the free from products intentional for customers with special dietary needs and there was just a wide range of flexibility for the customer regarding the whole shopping experience. Nowadays, the company can be accessed instantaneously via the World Wide weathervane on computers, laptops and purge the mobile phone. Internally, the use of email, fax, databases, computer programmes, intranet and internet has enabled Tesco to maximise its operational capabilities as data can be accessed, processed and sent around big partings within a short period of time. I.e. functions of purchasing, supply, accounts, management, marketing, sales, etc. Below are some Advantages and disadvantages of E-commerce to TESCO.THE ADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE.Elderly and disabled customers can shop within the comfort of their homes and all customers vex access to a wider range of providers to choose from thereby enabling customer empowerment.Heightened customer service as customers are enabled to visit detailed learning online, and intelligent agents can also answer measurement e-mail questions in seconds. Also, re mickles posted by other customers about the products purchased on a website can help with decision making for the customer. The use of phone and e-mail has also amend communications amid the company and the customer as queries and enquiries are normally made educately via these mediums.Customers also nonplus a wider product range to choose from as they can view the contents of an entire store without physically walking around it, plus round the clock operat ions online which makes shopping accessible to customers on 24/7 basis.Reduces Time and money fagged as travel time and cost, to and from the store, is eliminated, and with online vendors selling different product ranges at different prices, customers can trulyise a product that best suits their financial and qualitative demands. In some cases, companies testament often offer the same products for less if it is purchased online.E-commerce benefits for the company.Globalisation in terms of product promotion and sales to reach a wider range of consumers.More efficient inventory management and stock control to maximise product availability.Just in Time (JIT) wareho utilize to eliminate localisation of function and availability restrictions thus saving costs for both the company and the customer. corporate image to establish identity and trust which is necessary for direct sales and to affirm the brand image.The use of computerised databases, fax, email, computer-aided designs, int ranet and the internet as a whole has also equipped Tesco with some necessary as well asls for maximising operations and communications. From sourcing and dealings with suppliers of products via email, phone and fax, by to marketing towards in-store and online sales and promotions via Television, radio, electronic billboards, internet sites , and in the end for customer support via phone, email, etc, e-commerce has all told transformed how Tesco works today.THE DISADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE.Security and concealing of personal information as a lot of people are still quite sceptical about victimisation their personal bank details for shopping online.Programmes uniform viruses could cause a website to shut down and could also affect customers computers as a conclusion of using the website. crossing quality and delivery of items could be different from what the customer might be expecting.Internet speed and bandwidth in certain areas whitethorn make it tough for customers to us e the website hassle free.Staffing. The more e-commerce improves, the less clement labour that is need to carry out certain tasks and this can cause a lot of human positions to become downsized or rendered totally obsolete which is non lucky to the workers.This has also led to the asset of new skill sets (to cope with new operations) which could mean new staff, new course aims and titles, and in some cases also involves retraining current staff in order to stay up with technological changes and all these have had its financial costs to the company pair with the financial costs of implementing the hardware needed for particular e-commerce- related upgrades. in that location have also been some social costs as a result of e-commerce as there are now new job roles and titles which people have to adapt to via a cultural change. Also, since most items can be exchange online to a much wider audience while deletion the costs of traditionalistic retailing methods, a company does not have to spend so much on an expensive High street presence and this in turn means that the traditional social throng of shoppers is gradually fading away.RISKS INCURRED IN INTRODUCING E-COMMERCE TO THE ORGANISATIONSocial Risks.In addition to the potential loss of revenue that declines in employee productivity can urinate due to certain applications of e-commerce, an inappropriate use of the companys resources can also put a strain on business infrastructure and therefore result in performance and availability issues, causing drug users who are participating in work-related activities to experience a slow down.Information risk is another social risk that is impacted by employee use of company resources for personal reasons. defend information assets from destruction, loss and corruption is an important preventative measure. As employees use the internet for activities such as shopping, social networking and web surfing, the threats to the company information assets are gre atly increased. If employees are using these devices to access personal e-mail accounts or shop online, or are using their work e-mail accounts in relation to shopping, phishing becomes more likely. Phishing can result in more damaging scenarios for trys such as loss of customer data, loss of enterprise intellectual property and damage to enterprise data.Social risks on the part of the customers can involve trust for a company in using their services online, putting out their personal information for transactions on-line, and even a change from the old tradition of shopping to a completely new system of doing things.Unregulated on-line buying could become a significant social problem as e-commerce spreads. The compulsive buying tendencies of certain consumers coupled with their affinity for the Internet is cause for special concern. Beyond inefficiency in markets, there will be social costs from reduced productivity, personal bankruptcies, disrupted families and ruined lives. Chas ing the problem with credit and psychiatric counselling will be expensive both in terms of tax dollars and human lives. By way of prevention, existing fair trade practices prohibiting deceptive promotions and set should be extended to e-commerce. Fortunately, many people rec everyplace from addictions on their own and many more can learn the self-control required to ward off them, with a little help. Software developed within the Internet fraternity could help on-line consumers maintain self-regulation. It could extend bundling by automatically totalling purchases crosswise sites and sessions and provide a offerning on-screen meter of expenditures and time worn-out(a) shopping, to promote self-observation. Automatic filtering of sites, types of products, or product stimuli (e.g., jpg files with product images) that foster excessive purchases would reduce exposure to shopping stimuli. To bolster the judgmental sub-function, shoppers could be prompted to make a shopping list bef ore entering e-commerce sites and receive on-screen warnings when they surpassed referential norms or family budgets. Self-reactions could be prompted by forcing shoppers to re-allocate budgets, relate unplanned purchases to initial shopping objectives or respond to remonstrative e-mails from significant others before completing a purchase.fiscal Risks.All companies face financial risk, even if they only operate via the Internet. E-Commerce companies may face a harder time securing external financing because they may not have a lot of physical assets to use as corroborative or indicate their long-term viability as a company. Banks and other lenders may require a higher level of personal capital social occasion by owners and officers before lending money to the company. Generating a positive workaday cash flow may also be difficult because of the fees involved with website protection, hosting, electronic shopping carts and credit card companies. These fees are required by vendors of E-Commerce companies and cannot be avoided. To mitigate these risks, E-Commerce companies must employ accountants or use a public chronicle firm to control that no internal waste of cash is going on and all expenses are pertinent to the operation of the company.Since there are regulations surrounding data protection, consumer protection, distance selling regulations, etc, the company faces a huge financial risk if any of these aegis measures are breached, and such measures could potentially cause the business to go bankrupt. In general, the hostage systems needed in get into to ensure safety of customer information as well as physical infrastructure of setting up an entire e-commerce system, failure of the hardware and/or software, attack via virus or computer hacker, fire and flooding all poses serious financial risks to the company if the revenue does not meet up with the expenditure used to cook these factors.THE clashing OF E-COMMERCE ON ITS CONSUMERS.E-commerce has completely changed the way people look at making purchases and spending their money. It has certainly had some positive as well as negative impacts on the consumers. The Tesco system has been active in making sure that the consumers experience the positives while almost making the negatives non-existent.This system of commerce has affected consumers in the way that many people can now do most or all of their shopping on-line and within the comfort of their homes or anywhere with a computer and internet connection. This can especially come bridge playery for people with very busy lifestyles, the old or disabled people. This has translated as a kind of empowerment as people can make purchases round the clock and even have their goods delivered at suitable times as well. Also, customer service with e-commerce has enabled consumers to have access to a wide range of specific and detailed information about their goods and purchases online. Intelligent agents can answer standard e-mail q ueries in record time and the use of help desk software allows human sharp services to be expedited with minimal stress.Consumers can now also make use of a service that allows them to fully customise their products and services in contrast to buying in a store where products are usually merely standard. E-commerce has also allowed people who would otherwise not be interested in the physical side of applied science to have somewhat basic ideas of the systems they need to operate in order to make use of the e-commerce systems which in turn is a kind of education in terms of having that new knowledge of how things work.In the case of the Tesco club card, consumers have been greatly impacted as they feel a personal connection with their retailer of superior that seems to give something back in the way of points and also make relevant offers based on previous purchases or potentially relevant products.All in all, from the stores using electronic check-outs, centralised stock control, etc to the website where consumers just place their orders and wait for delivery to their doorsteps, e-commerce has had a generally positive impact on its consumers.HOW TESCO MET THE CHALLENGE OF NEW TECHNOLOGY.IT systems have contend a key role in helping Tesco deliver strong profits. The Tesco website, in which it has invested heavily in during recent years, saw profits leap by 21 per cent to 48 million, on the back of an almost equal percentage sales rise. Online grocery orders have lifted by 10 per cent to 7.5 million. The company has always been ahead in embracing and implementing new technology with an open-minded and optimistic approach despite the social and financial challenges. Advanced in-store queuing systems had modify shopping for 26 million of its customers by reducing checkout lines, Tesco verbalise. The supermarket grasp is using heat-sensing technology to monitor lizard lines at tills. It also said improved scanners, better self service tills, and checkout ca meras were helping it reduce queues. self-service checkouts now account for a fifth of all of Tesco transactions. The supermarket took steps in 2008 to ready its technology for the Christmas sales peak, implementing ExpeTune performance management software from big 4 to manage its mainframe servers. Tesco has invested heavily in IT over the years, and this has played a strong role in improving sales, the supply chain, and efficiency across the company. The company has an in-house designed supply chain application, running on IBM system p servers based on UNIX. The companys five-year old warehouse in Croydon, which serves south-east London customers only and was also the companys first dedicated online hub, became advantageous in 2008. The warehouse handles orders with a value of over 1 million per week. Sales in non-food business Tesco Direct increased to 180 million from a virtual standing start. The business, which is part of Tescos general merchandise division and has 11,000 it ems for sale online, had start-up costs and initial operating losses totalling around 25m this year. Tesco said it is aiming to absorb these losses. Launched in 2006, Tesco Direct experienced IT problems that reportedly delayed its opening. The supermarket giant has 3,000 staff working at its offshore site in India, providing IT and administrative support around the world, including the recently launched US operation Fresh n Easy. The Indian site provides software ontogenesis, as well as accounting and payroll services. Tesco also has a long running application development deal with Steria-owned outsourcer Xansa, oriented at ensuring its systems are up to date and in line with business needs. In store, Tesco continued to benefit from thermal imaging technology at checkouts, which speeds up queues and helps the store manage the flow of people and direct them to other tills. The company has a one in front policy, gist that if more than one customer is in front of anyone at a checkou t it aims to open another till if one is available.Outsourcing and partnerships are other ways in which Tesco has been able to meet new technological challenges. In the case of their energy consumption, Tesco has outsourced the monitoring and regulation of this function to the HSE group to contact the targeted reduced energy and carbon emissions by monitoring the plant and systems installed to ensure that they run and operate at their optimum. Their scope of services include thrust monitoring, Plant performance, direction information, System improvement, Minor works and Maintenance. Their key objectives were To monitor the performance of new technologies, To provide feedback on plant and system performance, Management information is provided in a usable format and on a timely basis, Incremental improvements that will contribute to ongoing savings are identified and implemented, To be able to share findings from system performance, technologies and innovations.We have learn from our experience that there is often a frustrating gap between being able to identify the technology that is needed whether on low-energy sparkle or lower-emissions refrigeration and being able to purchase and apply that technology commercially. We will work with our suppliers to reduce and hopefully eliminate this gap. Sir Terry Leahy (former CE0 of Tesco Plc).With the pace of consumer technology rapidly developing, Tesco now stocks an increased range of electrical products in-store and online. Responding to consumer demand, the retailer introduced Tesco Tech Support in 2008, making friendly faces available to expertly answer consumer technology queries, guiding them to choose the right product. Continuing to grow, the service now has more than 1000 expert advisors across the UK at 200 Tesco Extra stores and a dedicated UK call centre. The new http///www.tescotechsupport.com website was created by an in-house aggroup at FuturePlus. The site supplements dedicated online editorial content with all-new how-to tech videos fronted by Tesco Tech Support employees.THE SECURITY ISSUES IT ENCOUNTERED.TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES.Some of the technological security issues the company encountered include the following which could have had disastrous effects on the organisationUser authentication A user name and war cry combination, where the password can vary in length and include total and characters. Remember to include a system that prompts employees to change their passwords at uninterrupted intervals.Viruses A computer virus is a bug that affects your computer in many ways, it can come from almost any source like disks but mostly from the internet or emails, it can copy itself and warp a computers files. It can alter or even destroy company computers and also the computers of users who log on to such services. By installing anti-virus protection, the company can protect against viruses from affecting the computer.Firewalls and performance Effectively, installing a fir ewall can slow down the computer depending on what it does, and where it came from. Firewalls are programs that monitor traffic, which is the entryway and outgoing data communication that takes place when the user is online. The software needs to be configured to permit or deny communication with websites, as chosen by the user. In general, once configured, there is no real impact on the performance of websites, but it can take time to set up the relevant permissions between the site and the users computer.SSL (secure sockets layer) and HTTPS A prevalent implementation of public-key encryption is the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). Originally developed by Netscape, SSL is an Internet security communications protocol used by Internet browsers and Web servers to transmit sensitive information. SSL has become part of an overall security protocol known as Transport Layer Security (TLS). Https is not a separate protocol, but refers to the combination of a normal HTTP interaction over an en crypted Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) connection. This ensures logical protection from eavesdroppers and man-in-the-middle attacks.RSA Certificates A digital signature is basically a way to ensure that an electronic document (e-mail, spreadsheet, text file, etc.) is authentic. Authentic means that the user knows who created the document and you know that it has not been altered in any way since that person created it. Digital signatures rely on certain types of encryption to ensure authentication. Encryption is the process of taking all the data that one computer is sending to another and encoding it into a form that only the other computer will be able to decode. Authentication is the process of corroboratory that information is coming from a trusted source. These two processes work hand in hand for digital signatures.FINANCIAL ISSUES.Prevention of Hacking and Identity stealing Identity theft is when a hacker gets through to a users computer via a virus and acquires their personal credit card details, and then uses the details for their own personal use. Hackers get in to the computer system through ports, when the ports are open the hacker can get in, this may be with viruses or other means, users can stop hackers by installing a firewall onto the computer which blocks off the ports so hackers cant get through.Payment systems using payment cards online has always given cause for concern as the information contained in them is quite delicate. The introduction of services like PayPal have ensure that consumers have a reasonable amount of confidence in using online service that require some sort of payment for products or services.PHYSICAL ISSUESPhysical issues include factors like access to both company and customer information by employees through mediums that make it all too easy to tamper with, destroy, or steal such sensitive information.HOW THE ships company TOOK ADVANTAGE OF NEW DISTRIBUTION AND SALES CHANNELS.With the integration of computerised systems of data bear on and communications, the company had expanded their capabilities in the area of sales and distribution. Products could be sold through channels like the Television, on radio, on billboards, via email, via the internet and classify websites, flyers, coupons and even by text on mobile phones. Tesco used all their available resources and avenues to make sure their products were available to a large consumer base both locally and internationally. The application of call centres which made use of numerous phone and computer systems meant that the process from marketing to sales could be run by a unit of dedicated employees.Tescos distribution network in the UK was among the best in the world. The company emphasized the importance of putting resources to the maximum use. Tesco stores in the UK received two deliveries a day one a fill up delivery and the other, a top up delivery. To keep the things simple for customers as well as for emp loyees, Tesco adopted several new systems such as electronic shelf edge labelling all across the store, through which prices could be changed from a single central point self scanning tills self service pre-packaged products, coffee shop on mezzanine floor floor and also merchandising of fresh produce. Things like next day delivery and named day delivery have also been effective in maximising the use of these new sales channels. For existing customers, email marketing and direct mail marketing to provide special offers and promotions to customers is important. According to Humby (2003), e-retailer Tesco.com use what he describes as a commitment-based segmentation or loyalty persist which is based on time of purchase, frequency of purchase and value which is used to identify 6 lifecycle categories which are then further divided to target communicationsLogged-onCautionaryDevelopingEstablishedDedicatedLogged-off (the aim here is to win back)Tesco then use automated event-triggered me ssaging can be created to encourage continued purchase. For example, Tesco.com has a touch strategy which includes a eon of follow-up communications triggered after different events in the customer lifecycle. In the example given below, communications after event 1 are intend to achieve the objective of converting a web site visitor to action communications after event 2 are intended to move the customer from a first time purchaser to a regular purchaser and for event 3 to reactivate lapsed purchasers.THE IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON THE BUSINESS.Selling through websites is the fastest growing method of handicraft worldwide. There are two main forms of e-commerce tune to business (B2B) trading where companies trade and exchange information using the World Wide Web. Business to consumer (B2C) trading where companies deal directly with customers through web pages, and ordering is carried out online.Trading online enables businesses to reach much wider audiences while cutting the costs of traditional retailing methods. For example, an e-tailer does not have to spend so much on an expensive High Street presence. Although the outlay on developing a good website is substantial the potential benefits can be enormous.There have been impacts on direct marketing where promotion of products and services have been enhance through direct, information rich, detailed and interactive contact with consumers. The cost of delivering relevant information and digitized products to customers over the internet is results in substantial savings to the company when compared with traditional methods of delivery.The process of delivery, cycle times, administrative work and time spent on other fu

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The aboriginal principle of Molecular BiologyThe mite we know forthwith as deoxyribonucleic acidic was first observed in 1869 by Swiss biologist Friedrich Miescher, who stumbled upon a pump which was resistant to protein digestion. At the time he referred to the shred as nuclein (Pray, 2008). Though Miescher remained in obscurity, Russian biochemist Phoebus Levene continued earn with this substance and in 1919 discovered the three study components of a nucleotide phosphate, sugar, and stern. He noted that the sugar component was ribose for ribonucleic acid and deoxyribose for desoxyribonucleic acid, and he proposed that nucleotides were do up of a chain of nucleic acids (Levene, 1919). He was largely correct, and in 1950 Erwin Chargaff, after denotation a paper by Oswald Avery in which Avery identified the gene as the unit of hereditary material (Avery, 1944), set out to discover whether the deoxyribonucleic acid soupcon differed among species. He found that although, i n contrast to Levenes proposal that nucleotides be always repeated in the same parade, nucleotides appear in polar orders in divers(prenominal) beings, these molecules maintained certain characteristics. This led him to develop a set of rules (known as Chargaffs Rules) in which he states that the fit count of purines (Adenine and Guanine) and the total number of pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine) atomic number 18 almost always equal in an organisms contagious material. In 1952 Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins apply X-ray cryst onlyography to capture the first image of the molecules shape, and in 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick fin completelyy proposed the three dimensional model for desoxyribonucleic acid (Watson, 1953). The four main tenants of their discovery still hold true today 1) desoxyribonucleic acid is a double-stranded helix, 2) the majority of these helices are right-handed, 3) the helices are anti-parallel, and 4) the desoxyribonucleic acid base pairs within the helix are joined by hydrogen bonding, and the bases stool hydrogen bond with other molecules such as proteins.The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, first proposed by Francis Crick (Crick, 1958), describes the directional processes of conversion from deoxyribonucleic acid to RNA and from RNA to protein. This gene expression process starts with DNA, a double-stranded molecule consisting of base-paired nucleic acids adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) on a sugar-phosphate backbone. This catching material serves as the information storagefor life, a dictionary of sorts that provides all of the necessary tools for an organism to create the components of itself. During the process of recording, the DNA molecule is usanced to make messenger RNA ( informational RNA), which carries a special(prenominal) instanceof the DNA instructions to the motorcarry that give make protein. Proteins are synthesized during translationusing the informational RNA mol ecule as a guide. Gene expression is a deterministic process during which each molecule is manufactured using the product of the introductory step. The end result is a conversion from the genetic code into a utilitarian unit which prat be used to perform the work of the cell. As you can imagine, this process must be controlled by an organism in order to make efficient use of resources, respond to environmental tilts, and differentiate cells within the body. Gene ordinance, as it is fewtimes called, occurs at all stages along the way from DNA to protein.Regulation falls into four categories 1) epigenetic (methylation of DNA or protein, acetylation), 2) transcriptional (involves proteins called transcription factors), 3) post-transcriptional (sequestration of RNA, alternative splicing of mRNA, microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA)), and 4) post-translational modification (phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, etc. of protein products). Epigeneti c regulation of DNA involves a reversible, heritable change that does not alter the term itself. DNA methylation occurs on the nucleic acid cytosine. Arginine and lysine are the most commonly methylated amino acids. When proteins called histones) contain certain methylated residues, these proteins can repress or activate gene expression. Often this occurs on the transcriptional level, and thus prevents the cell from manufacturing messenger RNA (mRNA), the precursor to proteins. Proteins are much referred to as the workhorse of the cell and are responsible for everything from catalyzing chemical reactions to providing the building blocks for nose outless muscles. Some proteins, called transcription factors), help to up- or down-regulate gene expression levels. These proteins can act alone or in conjunction with other transcription factors and bind to DNA bases near gene coding regions.This is a ordinary schema for gene expression. DNA is a double-stranded molecule consisting of base-paired nucleic acids A, C, G, and T on a sugar-phosphate backbone and is used as information storage. mRNA is made during transcription and carries a specific instance of the DNA instructions to the machinery that go awaying make the protein. Proteins are synthesized during translation using the information in mRNA as a template. This is a deterministic process during which each molecule is manufactured using the product of the previous step. mRNA requires a 5 cap and a 3 poly(A) tail in order to be exported out of the nucleus. The cap is critical for recognition by the ribosome and protection from enzymes called RNases that go away break down the molecule. The poly(A) tail and the protein bound to it aid in defend mRNA from degradation by other enzymes called exonucleases.What can be gained by studying gene regulation? In general, it allows us to understand how an organism evolves and develops, both on a local scale (Choe, 2006,Wilson, 2008), and on a more global mesh top ology level. There are, however, more specific reasons to investigate this process more closely. Failure in gene regulation has been maneuvern to be a key factor in affection (Stranger, 2007). Additionally, tuition how to dampen gene regulation may lead to the development of drugs to fight bacterium and viruses (McCauley, 2008). A clearer sense of this process in microorganisms may lead to affirmable solutions to the problem of antimicrobial resistance (Courvalin, 2005).There are two major factors that motivate the studies herein. Firstly, the size and quality of biological data sets has increased dramatically in the last several years. This is due to high-throughput experimental techniques and technology, both of which move over provided large amounts of fundamental interaction data, along with X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic tintinnabulation (NMR) experiments which have given us the solved three-dimensional structure of proteins. Secondly, machine learning ha s become an increasingly popular tool in bioinformatics research because it allows for more sound gene and protein annotation without relying solely on sequence similarity. If a collection of attributes which distinguish amongst two classes of proteins can be assembled, function can be predicted.In this work we focus in the first place on regulation at the transcriptional level and the components which play a tyrannical role in this operation. So-called nucleic acid-binding (NA-binding) proteins, which allows transcription factors, are involved in this and many other cellular processes. Disruption or malfunction of transcriptional regulation may result in disease. We identify these proteins from representative data sets which include many categories of proteins. Additionally, in order to understand the underlying mechanisms, we predict the specific residues involved in nucleic acid binding using machine learning algorithms. Identification of these residues can provide practical assistance in the functional annotation of NA-binding proteins. These predictions can overly be used to expedite mutagenesis experiments, manoeuvre researchers to the correct binding residues in these proteins.Toward the ultimate goal of attaining a deeper understanding of how nucleic acid-binding proteins facilitate the regulation of gene expression within the cell, the research set forth here focuses on three particular aspects of this problem. We begin by examining the nucleic acid-binding proteins themselves, both on the protein and residue levels. Next, we turn our attention toward protein binding sites on DNA molecules and a particular type of modification of DNA that can usurp protein binding. We then parcel out a global perspective and study homophile molecular meshings in the context of disease, focusing on regulatory and protein-protein interaction internets. We examine the number of partnership interactions between transcription factors and how it scales with th e number of keister genes regulated. In several model organisms, we stripping that the distribution of the number of partners vs. the number of target genes appears to follow an exponential saturation curve. We also find that our productive transcriptional net model follows a similar distribution in this comparison. We show that cancer- and other disease-related genes preferentially occupy particular positions in conserved motifs and find that more ubiquitously expressed disease genes have more disease associations. We also predict disease genes in the protein-protein interaction network with 79% field of honor under the ROC curve (AUC) using ADTree, which identifies important attributes for prediction such as degree and disease neighbor ratio. Finally, we create a co-occurrence matrix for 1854 diseases ground on shared gene uniqueness and find both previously known and potentially undiscovered disease relationships.The goal for this fox is to predict nucleic acid-binding on both the protein and residue levels using machine learning. two sequence- and structure-based features are used to distinguish nucleic acid-binding proteins from non-binding proteins, and nucleic acid-binding residues from non-binding residues. A novel application of a costing algorithm is used for residue-level binding prediction in order to achieve high, balanced accuracy when working with imbalanced data sets.During the away few decades, the amount of biological data available for analysis has heavy(p) exponentially. Along with this vast amount of information comes the challenge to make sense of it all. One subject of immediate concern to us as human is health and disease. Why do we get sick, and how? Where do our bodies fail on a molecular level in order for this to happen? How are diseases related to each other, and do they have similar modes of action? These questions will require many researchers from multiple disciplines to answer, but where do we start? We take a bioin formatics approach and examine disease genes in a network context. In this chapter we analyze human disease and its relationship to two molecular networks. First, we find conserved motifs in the human transcription factor network and identify the location of disease- and cancer-related genes within these structures. We find that both cancer and disease genes occupy certain positions more frequently. Next, we examine the human protein-protein interaction (PPI) network as it relates to disease. We find that we are able to predict disease genes with 79% AUC using ADTree with 10 topological features. Additionally, we find that a combination of several network characteristics including degree centrality and disease neighbor ratio help distinguish between these two classes. Furthermore, an alternating decision tree (ADTree) classifier allows us to see which combinations of powerfully predictive attributes contribute most to protein-disease classification. Finally, we build a matrix of dis eases based on shared genes. Instead of using the raw count of genes, we use a uniqueness) score for each disease gene that relates to the number of diseases with which a gene is involved. We show several interesting examples of disease relationships for which there is some clinical evidence and some for which the information is lacking. We believe this matrix will be useful in finding relationships between diseases with very different phenotypes, or for those disease connections which may not be obvious. It could also be helpful in identifying new potential drug targets through drug repositioning.

Blindness and Sight - Irony and Lack of Vision in Oedipus the King :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Irony of Blindness in Oedipus The King Is in that location a single definition of what it is to fill? I can bewitch the table, I can see your point, I see the real you, I dont see what youre saying. Sometimes the screen door can see more than the sighted. During a scary movie or a horrific event, people may cover their eyes, choosing non to see the truth. As human beings, we often lead entrenched in the material world, becoming oblivious to and unable to see the most apparent truths. Oedipus, the main character in Sophocles play Oedipus Rex, could not see the truth, but the blind man, Teiresias, saw it plainly. Sophocles uses blindness as a motif in the play Oedipus Rex. Oedipus, known for his intelligence, is ignorant and therefore blind to the truth about himself and his past. Yet, when Teiresias exposes the truth he is shunned. It is left to Oedipus to overcome his blindness, get the truth, and accept fate. Oedipus, who bear the famous name, fled his home of Corinth i n fear of fulfilling the fortune telling that he would kill his father and marry his mother. During his flight, he Oedipus kills a vanguard of presumed low-class travelers. Oedipus comes into Thebes a stranger and hero who solved the riddle of the sphinx. believe that he is blessed with great luck, Oedipus marries the recently widowed Iokaste and becomes King of Thebes. by and by many years, a plague vexes the city and Kreon, brother of Iokaste, comes to Oedipus with news from the oracle. He states that the plague will be lifted when the murder of Laios is avenged. Oedipus claims that he sees and understands the ugly fate of Thebes and vows to find the murderer. Since the criminal is said to still be in Thebes, Oedipus believes that a man of his intelligence should have no difficulty in finding the perpetrator. When Oedipus is confronted by Teiresias with truth, perhaps it is Oedipus own hubris, which blinds him to the unthinkable truth. Unwillingly, Teiresias the blind illusion ist provides Oedipus with the hurtful truth. Although before the truth is announced, Oedipus describes Teiresias as a seer learner of mysteries. Oedipus looks to Teiresias for help in finding the murderer of the former king. He is sure and respected by everyone in the city as evidenced by his introduction as the holy prophet In whom, alone of on the whole men, truth was born.

Holden Caulfield: Typical American Teenager Essay -- Catcher in the Ry

It is difficult to really define American youngrs, besides theyre seen as confused and without any real identity age wise. Although not as prominent as in the 20th century, teenagers have to sens with a misleading phoniness in decree today. The teenage years be when a soul really decides (or has a decision forced on them) how their views will develop, such as living with optimism or pessimism. Because of pressure from media, peers and p arents, teenagers all try to grow up besides quickly or solely refuse and get left behind. All of these characteristics are related to Holden Caulfield in various ways. Even just on the surface, Holden is a regular(prenominal) teenager, with his impression self esteem and bad language. Therefore, based on what it means to be an American teenager, The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger is supposed to be the picture of a typical teenage experience.Generally, the American teenager has equal to be confused with in his own life but societys phoniness can greatly add to that uncertainty. Most of a persons adult behaviors are learned in the teenage years, but with mint such as politicians being phony, teenagers are getting to a greater extent upset and confused by the appropriate way to act. If they see people in these kinds of powerful positions lying and embezzling, what would they assume to do other than heed that behavior? Thats why there is a lot of teenage crime in this country- the crimes of phonies in prominent standing that, to some extent, are endorsing these bad and sometimes ilicit activities. In Holden Caulfields case, he lets phoniness run his complete life. The biggest insult he can give something is that of phony, and he stops doing things he would like to do, not wanting to be perceived as a ph... ...t from his own parents. They keep sending him to private schools away from home and thats forcing him to grow up because theres nobody else to rely on really. That is the case with most teenagers like Holden, they try to grow up too quickly and miss some potentially great childhood moments.In conclusion, The Catcher in the Rye is a picture of a typical teenage experience because Holden is confused and without any real identity. He has robust views, like most teenagers, on phoniness, view of life and growing up. Holden is a typical American teenager, maybe a little less miraculous than some others, having to fend for himself, really. Nonetheless, nearly all teenagers go through a time in their lives that is emotionally like that of Holden Caulfield. Work CitedSalinger, JD. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston, Mass Little, Brown and Company, 1951