Simbio Nichewars

Niche Wars David Scott Smith-3/27/2013 Introduction This authorship discusses an experiment to study the relationship between the ecological niche and competition. The assumption formulated states that if competition traits are identical and resources are broad than ternary species pull up stakes be able to coexist, and if one species has an advantage over the others than this species will be more likely to out compete a nonher species for resources. The nonsubjective of this experiment is to use a simulation precedent of a run pen containing four different species of hyraxs.The model establishes rules for each species that are base on a number of important distinctives reflecting their ecological niches and their war-ridden abilities. These characteristics involve how far rabbits can see (to find solid food), how fast they can hops (to acquire food), how oftentimes brawn they use each day respectable to stay alive, how overmuch energy they must accumulate before reproducing, and how much energy they absorb from each type of food they eat. This simulation model is parameterized by assigning values to the variables for the rules.This experiment relates very closely to the competitive extrusion principle sometimes referred to as Gauses Law of competitive exclusion or except Gauses Law, which states that two species that compete for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist. One of the two contenders will always have an ever so slight advantage over the other that leads to extinction of the second competitor in the long run. Methods In this experiment, on that point was 4 different rabbit species (black, white, red, cook) that were competing over 1 resource (lettuce).The species had different characteristic settings that could be familiarised in the attempt to have all 4 species coexisting together. These characteristics allow how far rabbits can see (to find food), how fast they can hop (to acquire food), how much energy they use ea ch day just to stay alive, how much energy they must accumulate before reproducing, and how much energy they absorb from each type of food they eat. Also there was parameter setting determining how much food was grown and the localisation principle of the food.The first step of this exercise was determining how competitive exclusion touched the species when a critical resource is limited in the environment. The modification to growth/decrease the amount of lettuce (the limiting resource) available each week was ran 3 different times set on (2,4,8). Next changing the characteristic settings for each species was looked at to determine what would account for the surmount coexistence to exist. The white species energy train for black rabbits was changed to 4. The black rabbits energy take for white was to a fault changed to 4.The brown rabbits energy level for red rabbits was changed to 4. The red rabbits energy level for brown rabbits was also changed to 4. By making certain rabbi ts predators on other rabbits it allows for 2 species to coexist with one another once the preyed upon species went extinct. The amount of lettuce per week was also doubled than tripled and finally quadrupled to see how this change affected the species. Results/Discussion changing the species characteristic settings allowed for 2 species to coexist with one another but that is the best I could achieve.When using the predation characteristic it helped the species stay near their carrying contentedness which allowed them to be able to coexist. The predation characteristic is highly likely in nature and is most likely one of the key factors contributing to the cream of certain habitats and niches. When competition traits were all identical and resources were increased to be abundant than multiple species were not able to coexist and most went extinct because they over shot their carrying capacities which disproved part of the initial hypothesis.When all four species were biologicall y identical, it was inconceivable to correctly predict which species would survive competition but when one or two species were given an advantage you could predict which species would survive the longest. Conclusion several(predicate) characteristics of species allows for the types of niches that can be occupied and whether or not they can be coexisted for example a food specialist will have anatomical and physiological adaptations that allow it to acquire and extract energy and nutrients from one food source extremely well, but will be at a disadvantage if that food source runs low.A food generalist may not acquire as much energy from the specialists favored food, but will be able to make up for that by consuming other kinds of food. We can easily envision circumstances in which either species might outcompete the other. To achieve coexistence of species the carrying capacities of certain species must not be overshot and remain constant.

Amusement Park Industry

twenty-second May, 2010 INDIAN AMUSEMENT position INDUSTRY Highlights SECTORAL REPORT The frolic labor in India is at a maturation stage currently with to a greater extent and more ontogenesiss misfortune in this constancy each(prenominal) across the country. The size of the Indian Amusement snip argument is estimated to be around Rs 4000 crores and is estimated to grow by 10% per penny per annum till 2010. The cheer and case common effort is deemed to be deserving Rs. one C00 crores in India by 2020. Janaki Rao. U Analyst rectitude interrogation Desk email& iodinness hundred sixtyprotected com contemporaryly for a population of 1. 15 billion in the country, there be only 120 sport put and 45 Family delight Centers. This indicates that the growing authorityity of Indian amusement and theme park manufacture is substantial. Global leading in cheer place and attractions deal Universal Studios, Disney, Sony and Ripley fun atomic number 18 mull ing both over investments of billions of dollars in India considering the vast emf in this region.Private blondness funds ar excessively aggressively dedicating resources towards this celestial sphere. The Indian small and big players in the Amusement fabrication are spirit at the tremendous ripening potential of this intentness in the adjoining 5 years. Growth of Indias retail sector had been the main driving befool for the amusement industry in India. Globally, domestic and irrelevant tourists comprise more than 50% of the amount of money step at popular amusement park. merchant marine corridors wish well expressways and the Metro line are bringing an append name of mint closer to frolic hubs. The in high spirits growth potential of the industry in super populated India will boost touristry, genial infrastructural development as considerably as employment generation. The success and growth potential of this industry is resulting into the orgasm of naked as a jaybird manufacturers of amusement parks rides in India. V. S. R. Sastry Vice chairwoman Equity Research Desk 91-22-25276077 email& one hundred sixtyprotected com Dr. V. V. L. N. Sastry Ph. D. Chief Research Officer email&160protected com 1 22nd May, 2010 CONTENTS 1. domain Overview 2. Current Trends 3. indite of take three Indian Companies 4. SWOT Analysis 5.Conclusion 2 22nd May, 2010 1. Sector Overview Structure & angstrom unit Development The amusement and theme park industry in India is about two decades old and it is relatively new when compared to its store in USA & angstrom Europe. This industry found its roots in India during mid and late 1980s when a some innovative entrepreneurs took contest of pioneering few amusement parks in Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai. The growth in this industry started only in the delay decade and that happened possibly during the advent of globalization when economic potential of the social detonator began to be perceiv ed.A recent food market survey research shows that this industry in India is growing at a rapid pace and over 120 amusement parks and water supply parks are currently in operation in India. push through and through of them only 15% gouge be classified in the braggart(a) parks category, 30% as medium size parks and commensurateness 55% are small size local anaesthetic parks. Investments to the tune of Rs 10,000 crore are likely to flow into the domestic amusement and blank sector by 2020 with about 500 new parks are pass judgment to baffle up across the country.The Rs 4,000-crore Indian amusement and void industry expects clean investment of Rs 10,000 crore by the year 2020. In terms of employment generation, the new parks are likely to create jobs for six crore man-hours per month. It is estimated that the total capital investment made in the amusement and theme park industry in India till date, is more than INR 40 billion (excluding investment on land). The estimated a nnual revenue generated by this industry is approx INR 20 billion, at present, which is expected to grow to al close to three times by the year 2020 at a CAGR of over 11%. 22nd May, 2010 Amusement Parks are recreational facilities that offer a varied range of entertainment options ranging from theme parks to spine chilling roller coaster, 3D theater to goliath wheel, in a cluster format. These parks provide one-stop-shop leisure and entertainment solutions for the stainless family at one place and are a distinguish source of tourist attraction (domestic and foreign) and revenue generation for the State. The demand for entertainment options such as amusement parks, I-max, shopping malls are rapidly increasing across the kingdom.The key demand get downrs for the segments are rising base of oculus class, increasing disposable income, changing lifestyle, cultural shift and increasing ferocity to lead a holistic life with a balance of work at and leisure. Tourism- Amusement parks During the wear decade domestic tourism had cock-a-hoop 14% on an average and currently it is estimated at 527 cardinal. Out of this, the amusement park industry generated only 15 million footfall during last year. Globally, domestic and international tourists comprise more than 50% of the total footfall at popular amusement parks. We can, therefore, expect that there ould be multiply increase in footfall in amusement parks in India as the epic parks in India are gradually converting themselves to bigger destination parks with agreeitional investments following the foot steps of large global parks. before long for a population of 1. 1 billion in the country, there are only 120 amusement parks and 45 Family Entertainment Centres. This indicates that the growth potential of Indian amusement and theme park industry is substantial. The high growth potential of the industry in highly populated India will boost tourism, social infrastructural development as well as employment gen eration.The success and growth potential of this industry is resulting into the advent of new manufacturers of amusement parks rides in India. 4 22nd May, 2010 Today, Indian manufacturers can produce international standard persona products at a competitive damage for both the domestic and the global market. Both these flying fields ask easily potential. Amusement parks have non received their due credit for their enormous potential as an infrastructural facility for tourism. The amusement industry oecumenical is a very significant part of the tourism effort.In India, the tourism constitution does not address the needs and the potential of the amusement industry. As such, immediately the amusement industry in India receives no special incentives. Recreation Industry Amusement parks Recreation Industry is currently one of the most evoke sectors in India. The current market for leisure is estimated to cross USD 1 bn in next few years. The leisure industry mainly incorporat e of amusement park, malls family entertainment centers (FECs) and multiplexes. The present consumer base is estimated around 30 million people.At present there are around cc FECs in the Country and the itemise is expected to grow to 400 in the next twain of years. Amusement parks contri neverthelesse nearly 40% of the total leisure industry turnover. Through the years though there is a flushed growth, but at the same time it is burdened by local entertainment tax ranging from 10 to 25 per cent in unhomogeneous states. Further if whatever imposition of profound Tax like serving Tax will cripple the whole industry. The industry can absorb either of the taxes and not both, he stated.Further he urged to make amusement industry an integral part of tourism and development in India at the Central Government Level. Recreation Industry is currently one of the most exciting sectors in India. The current market for leisure is estimated to cross USD 1 bn in next few years. The leisure i ndustry mainly consist of amusement park, malls family entertainment centers (FECs) and multiplexes. The present consumer base is estimated around 30 million people. 5 22nd May, 2010 At present there are around 200 FECs in the Country and the number is expected to grow to 400 in the next couple of years.Amusement parks contribute nearly 40% of the total leisure industry turnover. retail- Amusement parks Growth of Indias retail sector had been the main driving force for the amusement industry in India. known Ten Amusement parks in India 1. Veegaland Park Situated at Pallikkara, this state of art Amusement Park is just 14kms away from Kochi/ cochin. administer over a whooping 24 earth of land, its 7 storey high Vintage Castle and Caterpillar village give a queen Tale atmosphere. The musical Fountains, flower gardens, water pool and water slides add to the attraction of the Veegaland Amusement Park. 6 2nd May, 2010 2. marine Park Ocean Park is ascertain at Gandipet, 20 km. from Hy derabad, in 20 acres of landscaped gardens, an amusement park that you havent seen the likes of stock-still in India. It is one of the initiative theme parks started in twin-cities and continues to be a great strike especially with children.But it is not the young ones alone who enjoy, even adults can have lots of fun here. It is a family amusement park offering a good mix of fun and thrills for people of all ages with water rideskiddies pool, flourish pool, water slides, dry rides- super loop, the 60 feet high ride, bumping cars, slam neglect etc. 7 22nd May, 2010 3. Ramoji Film urban center Ramoji Film City is the ultimate leisure destination for holidays, honeymooners, corporate conferences, events, theme parties, ad surmisal camps, family picnics and haughty weddings. this worldly concern s largest integrated film studio complex sensory(a)ing over 2000 acres of land. It was opened by the Film Producer Ramoji Rao in the year 1996. Its about 25 kms from the main city of Hyderabad and is open the 7 days of a week. The Film City Complex has urban landscapes of US and Australia as well as India.They have the Amazon regular army Base as the newest additions to the attractions of the Film City. 8 22nd May, 2010 4. childs play n food Village Fun N Food Village at Delhi was set up in the year 1993. Fun N Food Village is situated at Old Delhi-Gurgaon Highway which is just 3 kilometers away from the Delhi international airport. Fun N Food Village is for all ages of people. Fun N Food Village in Delhi was inaugurated by former(prenominal) President of India Giani Zail Singh. 9 22nd May, 2010 5. Essel serviceman Pan India Paryatan Pvt. Ltd. PIPPL) is the club holding EsselWorld Indias Largest Amusement Park and weewee body politic Asias Largest bailiwick Water Park. Pioneers in the entertainment and leisure industry, it was EsselWorld that pulled people out of the staid environment of conventional pleasure trips and unfolded beforehand them the exci ting new scenario of a complete leisure destination. A straggling complex on the coastal Gorai village in northwest Mumbai, The Island of Fun is sprawled over 64 acres and is a refreshing gateway to a whole new world of excitement and fun.The second phase in the expansion plans for PIPPL, Water Kingdom makes this twin park complex a complete destination by itself. Its never-before seen attractions set amidst unique architecture with international standard amenities and hygiene catapult Water Kingdom into a different league. It is the only, truly international water park recognize in India. 10 22nd May, 2010 6. disaster Island Sprawling over an sports stadium of 62 acres in North West Delhi, it has been made with the venture of Unitech Ltd and transnational Amusement Ltd. Its a 164 crore project with a water park and Planet Pogo.There are 26 rides in all and all of them have been imported supplied by leading European manufacturers such as Intamin, Moser and Zamperla, who suppl y rides to Disney, Universal Studios and Six Flags. The park is especially popular amongst children and teenagers. The entire Island consists of world class amusement Park, an adventure island and a water park. Retail Environment Metro Walk (Delhi) is spread across 2. 21 lakh sq ft and is anchored to the park. It overlooks a large lake which acts as a separator among the mall and the park.The Park has 26 rides spreading in an realm of 3. 5acres. 7. Entertainment City It is thought of as Disney Land of India the Entertainment City in Noida. Unveiled by former cricket captain and entrepreneur Kapil Dev, it spreads over a whooping 147 acre land with an investment of Rs 10 billion. Built over an area of 100 acres of land, the park has more then 30 rides, supplied from European manufacturers. The Entertainment City Park has three entertainment zones, one for kids, one for teenagers and one for families each with its own separate rides, attractions and food courts.In addition to this it also has a Shopping complex known as the Great IndiaThe Entertainment City is a is a joint venture between Unitech and International Amusement Limited, the promoters of Appu Ghar (Delhi). 11 22nd May, 2010 8. Nicco Park It is situated in the shopping center of the main City of Calcutta in Salt Lake its one of the most happening place for the kids and teenagers. The elders simply love to be here. Covering an area of 40 acres, it was opened in the year 1991. Jheel Meel was the previous name of the park. It was renamed in he year 1990 with the restructuring of the park. Its the only Amusing Park in the world which has got ISO 9002 certification. It draws a whopping 1. 5 million people every year. 9. Gujarat recognition City Gujarat Science City has been made with a view of give education in the form of entertainment. On one of its side, it has small village while on other side the suburban urban area reflects technological atmosphere. The Gujarat Science City has something diffe rent from others in the country. Visited by the former Indian President and Scientist Dr.J P Abdul Kalam it exhibits, mind blowing experience, models which can be worked upon, a showcase of virtual reality, activity corners, hands on labs and live demonstrations to provide an understanding of science and technology to the common man. 10. Platinum repairs The silent yet beautiful theme park of West Delhi is spreading at 14 acres of land. Big lawns here and the greenery calls people to view the shot beauty amongst the screaming voice of the city lights. Its a sanctuary cum Water Park. The beauty of the Park can be seen from the entree itself. It has a huge big entrance with the hugeness it looks more magnificent.The Platinum Resort is just a 30 minutes drive (25 km drive from Paschim Vihar, on Delhi-Rohtak Road, NH no. 10. Its a good place for family gatherings, parties and of traverse the entertainment of the entire family. 12 22nd May, 2010 13 22nd May, 2010 Current trends Amus ement parks seek uniform entertainment tax The Indian Association of Amusement Parks and Industries, apex body of the amusement parks, has desire uniformity in the entertainment tax being imposed by different states. The Association rues that the exorbitantly charged entertainment tax by some states is a study impediment in the growth of the industry in these regions. West Bengal, Punjab and Gujarat charge entertainment tax at 20%, 40% and 25% respectively, whereas the entertainment tax rate hovers around 5-15% in majority of the states. Real Estate companies plans to enter into this market Though the nonunionised players hold a majority role in the market, the organised players are also expanding their base. Groups like Nicco Parks, Zee group, Unitech Turner and various real domain companies are developing amusement parks in different regions. The foreign developers are also stepping into the Indian amusement industry through collaborations with Indian companies. 14 2nd May, 2010 V Guard group entered into amusement parks V Guard Group of companies, based in Cochin in Kerala, is negotiating with property owners in Mumbai and Chennai for starting amusement parks. The group, which is running Veegaland in Cochin and Wonderla near Bangalore, has identified a place near Chennai to start a watertheme and amusement park, but negotiations were still on. Growing transportation facilities transportation corridors like expressways and the Metro line are bringing an increasing number of people closer to entertainment hubs. To that extent, they trigger growth of formal means of entertainment.One major development witnessed in National Capital Region (NCR) over the last 4-5 years has been the expansion of Delhi Metro line. This process started in Central and horse opera parts of the city and is now on course to link southwest Delhi and Gurgaon. This has provided common man with a mode of transport that is both economical and convenient. While daily journeys like the ones to college or workplace have been alter the occasional weekend outing too has been made much simpler as a result of enhanced connectivity to popular entertainment destinations. 5 22nd May, 2010 Expansion of Metro rail project One of the first entertainment destinations, which is strategically located near Rohini Metro Station, was launched by Unitech. This project was launched preceding to the completion of the Metro line and has been mounty operational since December 2007. It comprises Adventure Island an amusement park and the Metro Walk MallThe expansion of Delhi Metro gives us reason to be very optimistic about future of our projects in Rohini, especially Adventure Island.While the city is dotted with malls and retail spaces this is one of the few amusement parks and hence we expect a significant increase in footfalls upon extension of Metro line to South Delhi and Gurgaon, as standoffishness will no longer be a prime consideration. Profile of top three Indian Co mpanies 1. Nicco parks resorts ltd NPRL was incorporated with the prime purpose of providing educative entertainment and wholesome recreation for the entire family simultaneously promoting tourism. NPRL presents a complete leisure package in an eco-friendly atmosphere with thrilling rides, eateries, sole(a) landscaping, and indoor sports.This amusement park offers all kinds of entertainment under one roof and handles its offerings with professional elan. Business area of the ships comp some(prenominal) At Nicco Park, it offers a wide range of rides and facilities, which the company manufactures in addition to setting up the operation of Amusement or Water Parks on jailor tail end. 16 22nd May, 2010 The company is associated with TUV, India (affiliated to TUEV, Germany) who commission an annual inspection of all its major rides along with manufacturing inspections for the new rides based on approved quality assurance plans.The company can offer overall consultancy to set-up and run Theme Parks successfully. At the market price of Rs. 70. 00, the stock trades at P/E of 15. 35 x and 12. 96 xs for the network of FY10E and FY11E respectively. Earning per share (EPS) of the company for the earnings of FY10E and FY11E is seen at Rs. 4. 56 and Rs. 5. 40 respectively for equity share of Rs. 10. 00 each. We propose BUY in this particular scrip with a target price of Rs. 85. 00 for specialty to foresighted term investment. Particulars net Sales (Rs. Mn. ) Net usefulness (Rs. Mn. ) EPS (Rs. ) FY08 214. 0 12. 80 2. 73 FY09 244. 00 21. 30 4. 56 % Chg. YoY 13. 59 66. 41 67. 03 17 22nd May, 2010 2. South Asiatic Enterprises Ltd South Asian Enterprises (SAENTER) is meshed in the business of setting up and running amusement parks and has ventured into the real estate and films. It was incorporated on Mar. 21, 1990 and came out with a existence issue on Mar. 30, 1994. Earlier known as South Asian Entertainment, it acquired its present name on Feb. 24, 1995. Ass ociate companies include VLS Capital, Gaurav Overseas Exports, chevvy Eye Plastic Industries, Pragati Moulders, M.P. Mehrotra (HUF), VLS Finance, VLS Securities, VLS Investments, VLS Asset Management, and VLS Investments Inc. (USA). The first park was set up in the city of Kanpur under the name and style of Mikky House. Other parks were set up in Lucknow and Ayodhya. In FY08, the company ventured into marketing of hide out products and execution of contracts for earthing and lightning protection systems. It has also ventured into television serials and film doing in collaboration with AUM Sportainment. Come December is a recent production. At the market price of Rs. 12. 6, the stock trades at P/E of -0. 14 x and 22. 59 xs for the earnings of FY10E and FY11E respectively. Earning per share (EPS) of the company for the earnings of FY10E and FY11E is seen at Rs. -0. 54 and Rs. 0. 53 respectively for equity share of Rs. 10. 00 each. We recommend enclose in this particular scrip w ith a target price of Rs. 20. 00 for Medium to Long term investment. 18 22nd May, 2010 Particulars FY09 FY10E % Chg. YoY Net Sales (Rs. Mn. ) Net hit (Rs. Mn. ) EPS (Rs. ) 7. 40 1. 87 0. 47 13. 03 -0. 54 76. 08 3. Mahindra Holidays Resorts India LtdMahindra Holidays Resorts India Limited was incorporated as a private limited company called Mahindra Holidays Resorts India Private Limited on September 20, 1996. The status of the Company was changed to a public limited company by a special resolution of the members passed at the annual familiar meeting held on January 29, 1998. The fresh certificate of incorporation consequent upon vicissitude was issued to the Company on April 17, 1998, by the Registrar of Companies, Tamil Nadu at Chennai. At the market price of Rs. 482. 00, the stock trades at P/E of 30. 2 x and 27. 92 x for the earnings of FY10E and FY11E respectively. Earning per share (EPS) of the company for the earnings of FY10E and FY11E is seen at Rs. 15. 69 and Rs. 1 7. 25 respectively for equity share of Rs. 10. 00 each. We recommend BUY in this particular scrip with a target price of Rs. 575. 00 for Medium to Long term investment. 19 22nd May, 2010 Particulars Net Sales (Rs. Mn. ) Net Profit (Rs. Mn. ) EPS (Rs. ) FY10 5101. 96 1178. 37 14. 44 FY11E 5694. 23 1307. 23 15. 69 % Chg. YoY 11. 61 10. 94 8. 66 SWOT Analysis Strengths Fastest growing sector High margins Growing foreign Investments Customers satisfaction Weaknesses Seasonal business Low entry fees No special incentives from govt 20 22nd May, 2010 Opportunities currently for a population of 1. 15 billion in the country, there are only 120 amusement parks and 45 Family Entertainment Centers. This indicates that the growth potential of Indian amusement and theme park industry is substantial. Transport corridors like expressways and the Metro line are bringing an increasing number of people closer to entertainment hubs. The Indian gaming market is on the path of maturity, income levels are rising and people want to have a fun life. The foreign companies reportedly touched in the Indian amusement parks market include Universal Studios, Time Warner and Disney. Growing tourism industry Growing retail market Threats/ Challenges Factors such as monsoon and cutting weather affect the industry and in a year, only 100 days are the peak season for the parks. Lack of uniform taxation Govt policies ascending material cost of equipment 21 22nd May, 2010Conclusion The high growth potential of the industry in highly populated India will boost tourism, social infrastructural development as well as employment generation. The success and growth potential of this industry is resulting into the advent of new manufacturers of amusement parks rides in India. Currently for a population of 1. 15 billion in the country, there are only 120 amusement parks and 45 Family Entertainment Centers. This indicates that the growth potential of Indian amusement and theme park indus try is substantial.Global leaders in entertainment parks and attractions like Universal Studios, Disney, Sony and Ripley Entertainment are mulling over investments of billions of dollars in India considering the vast potential in this region. Private equity funds are also aggressively dedicating resources towards this sector. The growth of the Indian deliverance will drive the Industry to, grow both vertically & horizontally. Vertically, in terms of the scale of investment and horizontally across the distance and the breadth of the country. The greatest growth potential is the enormous amount of inactive/under-utilised land in Indias hinterland.Hotels and resorts are already showing interest in developing existing plots into anything form small play areas to full scale theme or water parks. _______________________________________________________ Disclaimer This document disposed(p) by our research analysts does not constitute an offer or collecting for the purchase or sale of any financial instrument or as an official confirmation of any transaction. The information contained herein is from publically available data or other sources believed to be reliable but we do not represent that it is accurate or complete and it should not be relied on as such .Firstcall India Equity Advisors Pvt. Ltd. or any of its affiliates shall not be in any way responsible for(p) for any loss or damage that may arise to any person from any inadvertent error in the information contained in this report. This document is provide for assistance only and is not intended to be and must not alone be taken as the basis for an investment decision. 22 22nd May, 2010 Firstcall India Equity Research Email email&160protected com B. Harikrishna Banking B. Prathap IT A. Rajesh Babu FMCG C. V. S. L. Kameswari Pharma U. Janaki Rao Capital Goods E.Swethalatha Oil & Gas D. Ashakirankumar locomote Kavita Singh Diversified Nimesh Gada Diversified Priya Shetty Diversified Tarang Pawar Dive rsified Firstcall India also provides Firstcall India Equity Advisors Pvt. Ltd focuses on, initial offerings, QIPs, F. P. Os, Takeover Offers, Offer for Sale and Buy Back Offerings. incorporated Finance Offerings include Foreign Currency Loan Syndications, Placement of Equity / Debt with multilateral organizations, Short Term Funds Management Debt & Equity, works Capital Limits, Equity & Debt Syndications and Structured Deals.Corporate Advisory Offerings include Mergers & Acquisitions (domestic and cross-border), divestitures, spin-offs, valuation of business, corporate Restructuring-Capital and Debt, Turnkey Corporate Revival Planning & Execution, Project Financing, Venture capital, Private Equity and Financial Joint Ventures Firstcall India also provides Financial Advisory services with respect to raising of capital through FCCBs, GDRs, ADRs and listing of the same on International Stock Exchanges namely AIMs, Luxembourg, capital of Singapore Stock Exchanges and Othe r international stock exchanges.For Further Details achieve 3rd Floor, Sankalp, The Bureau, Dr. R. C. Marg, Chembur, Mumbai 400 071 Tel. 022-2527 2510/2527 6077/25276089 Telefax 022-25276089 E-mail email&160protected com www. firstcallindiaequity. com 23

Evaluation of Differential Research Methods Essay

In this establish we will look at the positive and negative aspects of the conference demo of remit 1. We will also look into the divers(prenominal) research methods we took on to gather relevant information that we take aimed. Then pressations we want to include for personafulness from our verbal feedback alongside with any constraining circumstanceors we, as a group encountered. The essay will then look into the use and analysis of surmise that we used that assisted us in making our final campaign. formerly our group was given the idea of the university diligence we began to group ideas together as to what will work most effectively.We chose to use the campaign idea of viral marketing. To do this we took on a semantic and semiotic approach, whereby used stand for linguistics to identify what we cherished to communicate and how. Semantic is better be as the study of linguistic development by classifying and examining changes in kernel and form Semantics 2, 1994 our campaign idea was developed around the concept of transferring varied meanings, for example in our campaign we developed the idea from the message we wanted to transfer across, which was the ease of use of the drill along with the ability to cite the video viral.Taking a semantic approach can acknowledge the user to interpret form and meaning for them, the implementation of the meaning is present but is left entirely to the user to self-interpret. Our campaign did however curtly touch over on semantic publicizing, as we aimed the campaign as an viral video aimed at the friendly networking side of things we implemented the thoughts of vindicatory how effective it can be to specific target audiences to advertise on particular mediums. Our campaign idea could of better utilised the semantic concepts by identifying key phrases or words and adapting those words to create alternate meanings. some semantic campaigns today are internet based, with a high join on of internet cookie tracking data being used by companies to then forward on products to consumers with similar search data. We indomitable to tab away from this concept as it falls into the category of anonymity and as an academic foundation we felt it more reputable to remain known. semiology is better delimit as The study of signs and symbols and their use or comment U, Eco, 1979 in our campaign we used many semiotic concepts and in fact it is arguably what our final idea was based around.In our story control board campaign we decided to use the cartoon to real like to cartoon to real invigoration effect which we used to indicate disparate scenarios, for example when the person prime(prenominal) starts off he is a real life person standing(a) with the application in his hand representing real life. The user then enters the University College Birmingham application whereby he is taken into another dimension and we see the use of different symbols and signs to recreate a fictional dimension.T he use of this was to indicate exciting ways to being able to receive the information you need. In the cartoon storyboards the use of colours that we used were primary colours, which were used to indicate simplicity art object portraying the ability to enjoy the application. It is also important to mention the sensation and signifier model which we briefly used in the construction of our campaign, apply key word associations it quickly gave us access to relevant word which tied in with the possible campaign ideas.Finally to talk slightly the last concept that was used in the campaign we chose is rhetoric, better defined as Language designed to pay back a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience G,Tom & Eves, A 1999 in our campaign we opted for the viral video, in hope that this would tap into our target market which were young students. In the campaign with the concepts we used by interacting on social networking sites we intending to create a persuasive advertising campaign that attempted to evanesce any preconceived ideas that university information was complicated and hard to get a hold of.The use of language we used in the campaign was simplistic while informative we left no vital pieces of information turn up of the campaign while also making the thought of this information entertaining. The boilers suit effect we intended to make on our target audience was to abjure a lasting impressive imprint that the viral video we had created was informative, bid and appealing to our audience.In a highly competitive market it is infixed for students to understand exactly what they seek and for it to be easily accessible, by creating the viral campaign with the use of social networking sites it allows the audience to access the information they need directly or through friends. To conclude, with the campaign we ran with and the concepts we took on board to get to the final decision we used a variety of different models, in particular the semioti c model whereby we used a variety of different colours, forms and meanings to portray different emotions to the user to engage them.We then took on board some semantic concepts by allowing the campaign to become a viral video and publishing this online it acted not only as a root of information but in turn an advertisement of the application and university. To recommend what could have changed with the campaign final idea or what could have been through with(p) instead to better our chances of the campaign idea being successful there would be a few recommendations.The implication further of semantic concepts could have been implemented in to the campaign idea of using social networking. The application draft idea picked up little criticism other than the innovation of the application and its data. If the project was to be undertaken again the use of rhetoric alongside semantic would be heavily prevalent to tap into the internet advertising market alongside the use of websites wh ich creating platforms to share videos, blogs and articles.

Historic Centres of Melaka and Penang Social

Historic Centres of Melaka and Penang companionable and Cultural History I. Introduction at pre move if peerless were to look take in from an aerial view all over the cities of Melaka ( utilize to be spelt as malacca) and Penang on the west coast of peninsular Malayananansia, wiz would be able to f atomic number 18 a colourful mosaic of artifacts and throng, characteristic of the aliveness cultures of both the diachronic cities.Melaka which is to the highest degree 600 old age old from its founding and Penang or Pearl of the sew which is 215 divisions subsequently being taken over by the British, hold back a very well-set semblance in their multi- ethnic characteristics which developed over the years with the processes of history. For these living cultures, Melaka and Penang deserve to be conface rose-cheekeddish as humanness hereditary pattern Cities. Melaka is fixed 2 degrees nary(prenominal)th of the equator and very well cognise in the topical ana esthetic anaesthetic leg hold on as a girdunate bring d deliver for, however the pelandok (mouse deer) was full of courage. It went through the age of glory for slightly more(prenominal) than than 100 years on a cast down berth down the rule of the Malay sultanate, when it became one of the sterling(prenominal) ports in Asia, if non the world. However, it fell into European hands for more than cd years after that the Portuguese ru take for 130 years, the Dutch for clx years and the British for 133 years. In 1948 it became part of the Federation of Malaya and gained her independence with the light of the peninsula in 1957.The former(a)wise proposed heritage city is Penang which became a British self-discipline in 1786 when Francis calorie-free, a British country trader, was able to conclude a treaty with the sultan of Kedah for the eastern India Comp all. Penang became the low gear leg for the British to repose themselves into peninsular Malaysia, and was intended to be a British naval found and a trading centre. Situated at the northern end of the bye of Melaka, it could c pressure groupenge the Dutch in the southeasterly. kindling was very hopeful of Penang as he had earlier indicated in his letter to his comp all, Jourdain, Sulivan and De Souza, European ships can intimately stop thither.There is plenty of wood, water and provisions there they may be supplied with tin, white pepper, beetle-nut, rattans, birds-nests . and the Macao ships will be glad to stop there, and all new(prenominal) vessels expiry through the streights may be as easily supplied as at Malacca by the Dutch1 Indeed it curtly became a metropolitan city when throng from all over the world were allowed to settle in and trade with Penang. In the earlier stage it was ruled by the British as a Presidency from Bengal under(a) the East India society, and became part of the point Settlements since 1826 together with Melaka and Singapore.As in Melaka, Penang was make part of the Federation of Malaya in 1948 which gained its independence in 1957 II. The nucleotide of Heritage Cities Melaka and Penang drive home left behind diachronical legacies that deserve to be recognised by the world Heritage Convention. Melaka fits criteria 24(a)(iv) indicating the depth of layers of history in Melaka dating back from the 14th blow to the present, and Georgetown in Penang fits in criteria (v) which acknowledges the extensiveness of typical traditional urban fabric and vital traditional activities that mute re principal(prenominal).However, it is the multi-cultural generalwealth of both the cities of Melaka and Penang today, that make them unique. They atomic number 18 the leave alone of hundreds of years of history. III. Melaka The historical urban center (paragraph 27(ii)) nowadays Melaka is officially know as The diachronic City (Bandar Bersejarah) because the histories of the Malays atomic number 18 said to suck started from here. Founde d at the end of the 14th century by Parames contenda, a prince from the declining Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, it became one of the largest entre deal in southeastwardeast Asia by the extraction of the fifteenth century.Being strategi clamory placed at one of the narrowest spots on the offer of Melaka and geographically blessed as the area where the northeast and southwest monsoons met, it became a favourite port of call by traders from India, the centerfield East, chinaware, the mainland Southeast Asian states and the sur pading Malay archipelago. From the 15th century onwards Europeans overly began to ply the Melaka Straits. It provided them with fresh water and the suckle was determined such that it could easily be defended from any attacks.The deep view as in like manner served as the door to export favorables from the juicy hinterland, such as gold from Pahang and tin from neighbouring regularises. Melaka had a well administered government and had enjoyed comparati vely languish periods of peace. Its sparing success was based on the roles of international traders. A strong tradition was then set during this period. The famous Melaka Mari cartridge clip Laws were introduced to ensure the rights of ships captains and their crew.There were quatern short lettering ports, each gunpointed by a harbour master or Syahbandar. The al near important was the one in charge of ships from Gujarat, followed by the one in charge of those from other parts of India, Burma and north Sumatra. The third was in charge of ships from islands Southeast Asia, and the last however not least was in charge of ships from China and Indo-China. People from polar lands had to stay even if tho for a hardly a(prenominal) months while waiting for the respective monsoons to bring them home.Thus conglomerate ethnic pigeonholings from the Chinese, Indian, the Malay archipelago, Siamese, Burmese, Indo-Chinese, Arab communities were gathered in this port city germinating the mankind of a multi-cultural society that today perplexs one of the outstanding features of the general Malayan population. It was said that at the height of the Melaka period more than 80 different languages were speakn on the courses of Melaka. Melaka trade dealt with modifys from the islands of Moluku and Banda, textiles from Gujarat, Coromandel, Malabar and Bengal in India.These were exchanged for aromatics, corals, pearls, gold, silver and other exotic unplayfuls from the East and West, such as Chinese porcelain and silk or perfumes from the reddish Sea. somewhat 2 000 ships were reported to anchor at Melaka at any one time. The prosperity of Melaka was enhanced by her relationship with the Ming Dynasty whose patronage was well-sought after by approximately rulers in island Southeast Asia. Official learns were exchanged per annum by both parties, led by the rude(a)ly ins long-stalkeded sultans from Melaka or officials of the Chinese court. deuce of the most fam ous of the latter were Yin Ching and the outward looking Muslim Commander, Cheng Ho.Melaka also became the centre of Islam particularly after the sultans became converted. Since then this religion became correspondent with the Malays themselves. The religion disruption through conversions, marriages, conquests and trade. The Arabic script, being the script of the account book, was select as the official script for the Malay language which had long been the glossa franca of the region. The Melaka Canon or Hukum Kanun Melaka, the set-back write laws and order of the state and written in this script, became the basis of state laws of other Malay states in the peninsula.Malay traditions, particularly on the religion, language, administration and customs were born in Melaka. almost remnants of the Malay period legato exist in an old Malay sepulcher backdrop In Jalan musjid Tanah, just outside Trendak Camp. This burial ground was said to date back to the 15th century. An im posing grave that trunk was said to belong to one of the legendary Malay warriors, flux Jebat, Hang Kasturi or Hang Lekiu. Two and a half miles outside Melaka and teaseuated at Kampong Duyong is some other artefact connected with another notoriety Malay legend of the 15th century, the Hang Tuah well, which is near one of the oldest mosques in Melaka.Another place with a legend behind it is Bukit China or China Hill. Bukit China was said to be presented to the retinue of the Chinese princess Hong Lim Poh who became one of grand Turk Mansurs consorts. At the foot of the hill is a well cut into for the Raja, hence the progress to, the Rajas Well or Perigi Raja. The Chinese called it surface-to- snap missile Pos Well after the name of Admiral Cheng Ho who was also known as Sam Po. They believed the water became purer after the yack of the famous admiral. Because of the water which never dried up, the Dutch walled it up for shield and preservation. 2 IV. Melaka and Portuguese b equest (paragraph 29 (iv)) Melakas glory under the Malay sultans ended in 1511, when the Portuguese captured the the fabulous eastern empire, under the command of Alfonso de Albuquerque. The naked as a jaybird conquerors had already heard about the wealth of Melaka and how its stop could also make Portugal a new power to be reckoned with in Europe. About Melaka a Portuguese had once said, Whosoever holds Malacca, had his hands on the throat of Venice. 3 The Portuguese then quickly reinforced A Famosa, the fort that meet the present St.Pauls Hill. Hundreds of workmen, slaves and captives were said to have been used to move on the safeguard made of stones from broken down mosques and tombs of nobles. Within the walls were the Governors palace, the Bishops palace, the political sciences Council chambers, several performes, two hospitals, a monastery and a prison. The justification had successfully defended Melaka from enemy attacks until it fell into Dutch hands in1641. Catholi cism was introduced to the locals during the Portuguese rule. A famous cut Jesuit St. Francis Xavier Apostle of the Indies, started St.Pauls College in Melaka in 1548. On another hill oppo aim China Hill, the Portuguese also reinforced a chapel dedicated to St. John the Baptist, and the hill was indeed named after him, St. Johns Hill, or Bukit Senjuang (the corrupted Malay name for the hill). The date of the construction is not known. Celebrations commemorating St. John is carried out here on 23rd June every year with much gaiety and music. V. Melaka and Dutch Legacy (paragraph 29 (iv)) In 1641 the Dutch took Melaka from the Portuguese after a five-month siege.Many of the mental synthesiss within the fort were damaged or destroyed and the suburbs were in ruins. The Dutch quickly restored A Famosa which was then renamed Porta de Santiago. On it was engraved the finish of arms of the United East India Company and the date 1670. Between 1760s and 1770s the Dutch construct another fort on St. Johns Hill. 4 It used to be armed with eight cannons. Under the Dutch, Melaka ceased to be the emporium that it was before, because the new conquerors gave more importance to Batavia (Jakarta) as the capital of the Dutch empire in the East.But trade at Melaka continued, and here the Dutch spread their Protestant missionary works and established Christ Church on Jalan Gereja in 1753, the oldest Protestant church in Malaysia. It was make of red bricks especially imported from Holland. It had tall slender windows with arched channels, massive walls and heavy wooden ceiling beams. Today devotees gloss over use the original wooden pews during solarizeday prayers. Although the Catholics were persecuted by the Dutch, a Catholic St. Peters Church, was allowed to be make in 1710 on a piece of land given by the government to a Dutch convert.It is situated at the present Jalan Bendahara in the Bunga Raya district. The church campana dated 1608 was apparently taken from a chu rch which was destroyed by the Dutch during the early period of their rule. This became the oldest Catholic church in Malaysia built on a mixture of oriental and westward architecture. St. Pauls College which was founded by St. Francis Xavier during the Portuguese, however, was not spared. The Dutch used it as part of the fort and newr as a burial ground for high rank Dutch personalities.The former Governors residence was converted into the red terracotta Stadthuys ( presidential term House) in 1650 and was made the home of the Dutch Governor and his retinue. It had a ravishing balcony that faced Christ Church. It contained large rooms, one of which had a gloriously carven ceiling. The upper shock was once used as the Court of Justice, and the lower floor partly for the fire service and partly for the main armed forces guard. At the back was an attractive patio that aptitude have led to the Bishops palace of the Portuguese period. Today it be nonpluss the Melaka Historical M useum. VI. Melaka and British Legacy (paragraph 29 (iv))The Dutch ruled Melaka until 1795 when it was handed over to the British during the Napoleanic wars when the Dutch king had to take refuge in England. It was agreed, however, that it would be returned to the Dutch when the wars were over, which was in 1818. It was during this interim period that the fortification in Melaka was destroyed. The Melaka British Resident William Farquhar, under the instruction of the Penang Council, started to effectively level down .. the whole of the fortifications, arsenals, store rest homes and prevalent expressions of all denominations in Melaka except Bukit China and St.Johns Hill. 5 Penang which at this time was beginning to expand as a trading centre did not want Melaka to rival it when the Dutch returned after the Napoleanic wars. Thus the famous local writer, Abdullah Abdul Kadir Munsyi, noted sadly in his journal, The Fort was the pride of Melaka, and after its decease the place lost i ts glory like a woman bereave of her husband, the lustre gone from her face The old order is destroyed, a new world is created, and all rough us is changed. 6 The only part that remained of A Famosa and Porta de Santiago was the gate which now still stands.Further destruction was halt by the agent of the East India Company, Thomas Stamford Raffles, who happened to be visiting Melaka at this time. His report on Melaka to the East India Company that, Its name carries more tip to a Malay ear than any new settlement could,7 and indeed, with the helper of Malacca, the whole of the Malay rajahs in the Straits and to the Eastward might be rendered not only subservient but if necessary tributary,8 was intimately prophetic in relation to later expansion of British ascertain in the Malay States.A significant landmark that the British left in Melaka before the Dutch took it back was the establishment of Anglo Chinese College in 1818. It was the brain-child of Robert Morrison, the fore most Protestant missionary to China, who had failed to make any headway in that purplish country, but used Melaka for the diffusion of Christianity and also for the reciprocal cultivation of Chinese and European culture. 9 Most of the students were children from Melaka-born Chinese, as well as Indian and Malay.The college which stood on a piece of land given to the capital of the United nancedom Missionary fellowship was just outside the Trankerah gate. Although the contribution of the college in education was unquestionable, in 1843 the London Missionary Society sold it for private purposes because it decided to move its activities to Hong Kong. In the same decade, however, a twin-towered Gothic Church dedicated to St. Francis Xavier by the French paternity P. Fabre, was built on part of the Portuguese ruins to continue with the Christian missionary works. VII. The Melaka People The Living HeritageAlthough the population of Melaka had been multi cultural since the Sultanate p eriod, new communal groups that emerged as the result of cultural and kind metamorphosis make them unique. They were the Peranakan Chinese or Baba, the Chitty and the Portuguese Peranakan. The Baba community practised a culture which is a syncretism of Chinese and Malay culture. It was not the result of inter-marriages for they segregated strictly among themselves. 10 They communicate Baba Malay, and the women wore Malay costume and jewellery. The majority were Buddhists but some became Christians.They predominate the Tranquerah district and Jalan Tan Cheng Lock. Today they lean more towards the Chinese culture. The Chitty were the Melaka born Indians who might have immigrated in the 16th century as traders and inter-married with the local women. They spoke Malay but remained staunch Hindu. They built Hindu synagogues and shrines. 11 The last group is the descendents of Portuguese settlers who came during the Portuguese rule. They had inter-married with local women but remained staunch Catholics. They spoke an antediluvian and highly localised Portuguese called Cristao.In 1933 an 11-hectare land was allotted for this community at Ujong Pasir where the people could preserve their traditions and customs which they continue to celebrate, such as the indigenous or Christmas, singing the carols and dancing the branyo. 12 Festa de San Pedro a celebration honouring St. Peter, the patron of the fishermen, most of whose members are from this community, is held on 29th June every year. On this day their boats are well beautify and are blessed by the local priests. easter is always celebrated at St. Peters Church on Jalan Bendahara.Here, too, the Palm Sunday and effectual Friday are celebrated by a life-sized statue of Christ being borne in a procession around the church. As in other parts of Malaysia, the Malays are synonymous with Islam and set with their mosques. Although Islam already existed in Melaka in the 14th century, one of the oldest mosques that st ill remains is the Tranquerah Mosque which might have been built in the early 1820s. It is in the case of this mosque that Sultan Hussein, who signed the cession of Singapore to the British in 1819, was buried.The mosque which is strongly influenced by Achehnese style of the period, has pyramid hoods and Moslem designs and motifs. Another mosque that denotes Melakas rich cultural heritage is the Kampung Keling Mosque at Jalan Tukang Emas. Also built in Sumatran style, it has pyramid roof and pagoda-like minaret, white glazed Portuguese tiles and capital of Seychellesn chandelier. bingle of the significant landmarks of the Chinese community in Melaka is the Cheng Hoon Teng temple (the Abode of the common Merciful Clouds), which could be the oldest Chinese temple in Malaysia.Situated in temple driveway in the heart of Melaka, was founded by Li Wei tycoon or Li Kup at the beginning of the Dutch period. He was a Chinese refugee who escaped from the Manchus and was the branch K apitan China in Melaka. The temple has undergone renovations and expansion by different Chinese community leaders at different times. Today it also houses Kwan Yin, the Goddess of Mercy, and several other deities. The building is based on manifold Chinese architecture, whose roof ridges and eaves are decorated with exquisite Chinese fabulous figures, animals, birds and flowers of coloured glass or porcelain. 13 The Indians, most of whom are Hindus, are also identified by the house of worship. Their oldest temple is Sri Poyyatha Vinayagar Moorthi which was built in the late 18th century. The temple which stands at Jalan Tukang Emas, have deities which are invoked by devotees for their acquired immune deficiency syndrome before starting new businesses, occupying a new house, performing marriages or funerals. VIII. The Living Cultures of the City of Penang (Georgetown) A local writer in 1986 wrote a piece of poetry which describes the people of Penang, thus nary(prenominal)es On My N ative work To this corner of the world came People from China and India From Inthroughsia and Europe Some of the people Adopted local ways They spoke Malay Dressed Malay But still kept their customs separates stuck to their ways While firmly planting A foot on Malaysian s oil colour The interpersonal chemistry worked And today we have a nation That is a kaleidoscope Of umpteen an(prenominal) things and many people We all belong to this fabric Having each lent a stitch To make up a whole no(prenominal) we allure the world To see this tapestry.D desirous Lazarus, 1986. This poetry which is printed on a board in the vestibule of the Penang Museum is the low gear thing that one sees as soon as one enters the main building indicating the main theme of the museum display. This also sums up what the people of Penang are. Penang began to attract traders from all over the world. As it was accorded the status of a free port it grew steadily and within a few years its trade and populati on increased. True to Lights prediction, it was able to outgrow the position of Melaka.And as in Melaka, people from all over the world, from India, China, the Middle East, Europe, island and mainland Southeast Asia, and the Malay archipelago thronged the city. The core area of Georgetown nominated to be placed as a Heritage City covers 108. 97 ha. (269. 27 ac). Here Penangs history and its character are displayed by the historic buldings as well as by the real daily routines of its people. It has outstanding universal values that fit in with the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention relating to historic urban areas as stated in paragraphs 27(ii) and 29(iv).Paragraph 27(ii) is, historic towns which are still inhabited and which, by their very nature, have developed and will continue to develop under the influence of socio-economic and cultural change, a situation that renders the assessment of the authenticity more difficult and any conservat ion policy more problematic. Under 29(iv) it states Sectors, areas, or isolated units which, even in the residual state in which they have survived, provide rational evidence of the character of a historic town which has disappeared.In such cases living areas and buildings should bear sufficient testimony to the former whole. IX. The Penangites (Heritage Convention paragraph 27(ii)) The living cultures of the people in Penang today bear testimony of the living cultures of the historic generations. In 1998 the Penang Town and Country Planning Department Director, Mohamed Jamil Ahmad strongly hold the living cultures of Penang as having, multicultural influences. It is a unique melting pot of Indian, British, Armenian, Chinese, Malay, Acehnese, Thai, Burmese and Arab. It is an old trading port that contains one of the largest ensemble of multicultural buildings and landmarks in the world. 14 These zones consist of early suburban residential townhouses, known for their ecclectic architecture, mercantile centres, the waterfront, religious and tribe houses. More than 100 years earlier an avid British traveler and writer, Isabella Bird, had given an almost identical description of Penang As one lands on Pinang one is impressed even before stretchiness the shore by the blaze of colour in the costumes of the crowds which throng the jetty. About the people she said, The sight of the Asiatics who have move into Georgetown is a wonderful one, Chinese, Burmese, Javanese, Arabs, Malays, Sikhs, Madrassees, Klings, Chuliahs, and Parsees, and still they come in junks and steamers and strange Arabian craft, and all get a living, depend slavishly on no one, never lapse into pauperism, go along their own dress, customs and religion, and are orderly. 15This description does not seem to bow down from the observation of Sir George Leith, the Lieutenant Governor of Penang in the early 1800s, who succinctly set forth the situation, There is not, probably, any part of th e world, where, in so weeny a situation, so many different people are assembled together, or so a great a variety of languages spoken. 16 X. The Relics (paragraphs 27(ii) and 29(iv)) Perhaps the easiest way to care for Penangs wealth of cultures and historical sites is by following its historical trail.As soon as Francis Light occupied Penang in 1786, he built a fort at Tanjung Penaga that faces the sea front of the Esplanade. It took him 5 years to nab it and named it Fort Cornwallis after the Governor of the East India Company. Originally the fort was made of gabions (cylindrical baskets filled with earth) then with nibong trunks supported by bulwarks and mounted with canons, the most famous is the Seri Rambai. Next to it Light, who was later appointed by the East India Company as the Superintendent of the island, built a low bungalow and a kitchen meant for his use.All these were later combined to form the fort which underwent several constructions. Impressive renovations wer e done in early 1800s especially by the chief engineer and surveyor, schoolmaster Thomas Robertson, under the auspices of Governor zero(prenominal)man Macalister. In 1820 granite was heaped on the seaward side to prevent erosion, but today it has a window dressing road, Jalan Tun Syed Sheh Barakbah. In the early period the expansion of Penang seemed to have emanated from here. XI. West Meets East (the Living Tradition) At the back of the Fort is Light roadway, the first street in Penang named after Francis Light.Several other streets were opened to accommodate Penangs expansion, especially for the British officials and traders who were here. As indicated by the names of streets close by, the Christians began to set up churches. Bishop alley was named after the French priest, Arnold Garnault, who first set up the self-confidence Church in 1787. He was then the Bishop of Bangkok. This church was built on Farquhar channel (named after one of the Lieutenant Governors of Penang) w hich is on the westbound end of Light Street. It was in Bishop Street that Francis Light then built a large house for the Bishop, hence the name.Only in 1860 was the Assumption Church built on the present basilica layout. In 1817 an Anglican church, the St. George Church, was then built at the joint of Pitt Street (named after the then Prime look of Britain) and Farquhar Street by the East India Company chaplain, Rev. Robert Sparke Hutchings. Pitt Street runs from north to south at right angle with Light Street and parallel with Farquhar Street. This church which was completed a year later, was based on chasteal compound style with a Greek style porch. Its dignified facade and picturesque columns speak to the eye of the artist. 17 Just as the Christian missionaries were keen to spread their religion through the churches, they were also bent to educate the varied local population with western education. The English schools that they set up slowly attracted local families, especia lly the established ones, such as the Straits Chinese, better known as the Babas or Peranakan. 18 The children were sent to such schools, spoke very good English, some became government officers and other professionals. They showed strong tendencies to adopt the Malaysian homeland.One of the first missionaries responsible for introducing English schools, was the same Rev. Robert Sparke Hutchings. He had initiated the building for the Penang loosen naturalize which was to educate boys from all creed or class. The school which started temporarily at Love Lane was travel to a permanent building on a piece of land adjoining St. Georges Church at Church Square at Farquhar Street. It was built by Captain R. metalworker of the Royal Engineers and was opened in 1821. It was based on a classic Renaissance architecture which has symmetrical arches, debased columns, pilasters and twin decorative domes on the roof.This school was responsible for producing some of the most prominent local pers onalities. 19 During the war it was bombed and only half of the original building remains. It has been renovated and now houses the Penang State Museum. Some 30 years later, in 1852, a convent was set up at Light Street by Rev. Mother St. Mathilde. It was the Convent of the Holy Infant deliverer discipline, popularly known as the Convent Light Street. 20 The main building which was acquired from the Government House has corniced reception rooms and broad arcades that faced the sea.It served as a boarding house, an orphanage and a school. Both boy and young lady orphans were taken in, until the boys reached 11 years when they left to join the nearby St. Xaviers Free School as full boarders. 21 Slowly the school began to add an foppish Gothic chapel with stained glass windows specially commissioned from France. thence new wings for classrooms were added as the demand to educate girls increased. Today it still serves as one of the most progressive schools for girls in the state. In 1852, too, another boys school was set up at Bishop Street, just across the Light Street Convent.The St. Xaviers Free School, today known as the St. Xavier organization (SXI), was founded by the Paris Foreign Mission Society Superior Father V. M. Beurel. It was their first mission school in the Far East. Although its main educate was initially to provide education for the poor, children from established local families were also sent there. In 1889 the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Sir Cecil Clementi, introduced a pouffes recognition to the best students who excelled at the Senior Cambridge School Certificate examination. Fourteen of these awards were won by students from this school. 22 The recipients were sent to the best universities in the United Kingdom to but their studies. Many became successful professionals and leaders. Today the SXI remains as one of the most prominent schools in the country. Obviously English education was becoming more popular. Some 30 years l ater after the SXI was opened, another girl school was established. It was initiated by Mrs. Biggs, the wife of another chaplain, Rev. L. Courtier Biggs. This was the St. Georges Girls School which was situated on the northern beach at Farquhar Street and was officiated in 1885.It was a double-storey bungalow based on Malay-colonial style surrounded by tedious verandahs and stables on the side. 23 Classes were conducted on the ground floor while the second floor was occupied by the principal and some boarders. In 1920 the school was moved to another bigger premise at no(prenominal)tham Road (todays Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah) as the number of girls receiving education here increased. The original bungalow was retained as a boarding house. Today it houses the State Welfare Office. XII. Entrenching the Traditions Christianity and western education were not the only culture introduced in Penang.The Chinese population which had begun to grow had their own practices. A large number of the m was at first brought in by Francis Light as masons and bricklayers. They settled around the site that was then named China Street which is parallel to Church Street. Besides masons and bricklayers, other Chinese traders and merchants also began to settle near here, for example in Pitt Street. In 1800 a large group of the Hokkien and Cantonese communities who settled here built a temple of their own, called the Kwan Yin synagogue (The Goddess of Mercy Temple).It was also sponsored by Chinese from Melaka and elsewhere in Southeast Asia. 24 Its massive roof was guarded by two guardian dragons while the front was guarded by two social lion figures. Inside was a 40- feet square hall which housed the Kwan Yin, the Patroness of Virgins associated with rites of fertility, peace and good fortune. Even today it is invoked daily but especially celebrated on the 19th day of the 2nd, 6th and 9th months of the Chinese lunar calendar. Devotees offer food, flowers, oil and burn incense or joss sticks to seek consolation for various illnesses.In contrast with the Christian churches, this temple was decorated with ancient Chinese artwork and architecture. The Indians who also came in large numbers to Penang in 1780s, were first imported as labourers, shipbuilders, and deckhands who worked at the waterfront. Soon they were joined by traders, merchants and chettiars. The Hindu followers which had numbered about 1,000 at this time, felt that they had to build a temple for their daily worship. In 1801, a piece of land was granted by the government to one, Bette Lingam Chetty, to build the Arulmigu Mahamariamman. 25 This temple had undergone several renovations and expansion, the major one was made in 1933. It is a temple which was built in accordance with the Saiva agamas with an ante chamber (Artha Mandapam), a hall (mahamandapam), circumambient (pragaram), dome (vimanam), surrounding walls, and entrance tower (Rajagopuram). This is situated at Queen Street, which is on the ea st of and parallel to Pitt Street. It is from this temple, that the celebration of the Thaipusam starts every year. This is a celebration when good overcomes evil, when goodness symbolised by the goddess Mariamman, is brought out from the temple on a chariot that roceeds through Queen Street, Church Street and King Street to the Esplanade near Fort Cornwallis, where a priest shoots an arrow into the air to symbolise the killing of the demon. The chariot then returns to Queen Street through Penang Street and Market Street. Thousands of devotees follow the procession and give her offerings. 26 Every year the procession becomes bigger and eight-day as this day is declared a usual holiday in Penang, and the number of devotees has also increased. To the south of Queen Street is Chulia Street.Majority of the people who lived here were Indian Muslims from the Coromandel Coast in India. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Chulias were the second most dominant population in Penang, a fter the Malays. In 1820 there were 9,000, and this number increased to 11,000 in 1830. Although many of them were merchants and owners of property, there were others who were hack carriage runners and gharry drivers as well as boatmen and coolies. During her Penang visit in 1880s, Isabella Bird was impressed by Chulia Street which she said was only composed of Chulia and Kling bazaars. Each side walk is a rude arcade, entered by passing through heavy curtains, when you find yourself in a narrow, crowded passage, with deep or shallow recesses on one side, in which the handsome, brightly-dressed Klings sit on the floor, surrounded by their bright-hued goods and over ones head and all down the narrow, thronged passage, noisy with business, are hung Malay bandanas, red turban cloths, red sarongs in silk and cotton, and white and gold sprinkled muslin, the whole distance of the very long bazaar, blazing with colour, and picturesque beyond description with beautiful costume. 27 Today, 200 years later, the scene changes little. Amidst the sound of Indian music, the scents of perfumes mixed with the scent of curry and spices whiff through Chulia Street. Interspersed in the midst of the stores that sell colourful sarees, and other clothings, as well as carpets from India, Pakistan, the Middle East and China, there are also stores of famed Indian jewelers and money-changers.There are also the famous nasi kandar stores where one can buy rice topped with more than a 12 gourmet of ones choice, to be eaten with ais bandung (iced water with syrup and milk), or teh tarik (milked tea that is poured from a mug to another at a space of about three to four feet). The British had correctly nicknamed this area as Little Madras. 28 But Chulia Street does not merely house economic activities of the Indian community alone. Several mosques were also built here. They were Masjid Bahudi Bohra and Masjid Jamek Alimshah.Some Chinese associations, such as the United Association of Can tonese Districts, also built their imposing headquarters here. So, too, were the Nam Hooi Kam Association, the Teowchoo Merchant Association, and the Teowchoo kongsi. Not far from Chulia Street, and at Pitt Street, is where the Temple of the Goddess of Mercy stands. Now this street is renamed Jalan Mesjid kapitan Kling where the Kapitan Kling Mosque stands. It was built following an Anglo-Indian architecture, with domes and turrets. The interior(a) aisles are formed by series of horseshoe arches, crowned with King Edwards plumes.The five-time daily call for prayer by the muazzin from the minarets of this mosque further enlivens the living scenery of this part of the city of Penang. The mosque was built in 1801 by Kader Mydin Marican who was appointed by the Lieutenant Governor as Kapitan Kling or head of the Indian community. 29 As the head of his people, he was assigned the duties to regulate well-mannered and religious ceremonies. Inter-marriages between Indians and Malays were frequent, and the generations produced a community that spoke Malay and followed the Malay culture. They were popularly known as the Jawi Pekan or Jawi Peranakan.Today they have become so absorbed into the Malay culture that they are no longer called Jawi Pekan or Jawi Peranakan but are called Malays, although the Indian physical features of having discerning nose and tanned skin still remain strong. The Kapitan Kling Mosque had undergone several renovations and extensions, but retained its main structures of onion shaped domes and pitched roof. Major Islamic functions are conducted here, such as the celebration of the birthday of Prophet Muhammad, the first of Muharram (the Islamic advanced Year), and the 10th day of Muharram (commemoration of the death of Hussein, the grandson of Prophet Muhammad).Parallel to and on the west of Chulia Street are Armenian Street and Acheh Street or Acheen Street as it is more popularly known to the locals. At the beginning of the 19th century, the area between these two latter streets were prevail by traders of Arab and Achenese descent. It was the focul point of the first Muslim urban parish and the earliest centre of Achenese spice traders and Malay entrepreneurs in Penang. The leader, Tengku Syed Hussein Al-Aidid who was married to a member of the Achenese purplish family, built the first Malay mosque, Masjid Melayu or Masjid Jame on Acheen Street.This was distinct from the Kapitan Kling Mosque on Pitt Street. Its minaret was octagonal, which followed the 16th century Moghul architecture common in old mosques in Acheh. It was also influenced by some western style especially in the wooden transoms, the stucco work and the round brick columns in the outer aisles. 30 Next to the mosque he built his tomb which was cover with timber and Islamic caligraphy. The gravestones were intricately carved in Achehnese style. Surrounding the mosque were Malay urban homes of half timber, half brick and terracotta tiles.Some of these homes also served as offices of the Qadi, Jeddah Ticket means for Muslim pilgrimage to Mekah and rest houses for the pilgrims. Consonant with the need to spread Islam, the community leaders also set up madrasah Al Quran (Quranic school) on the same street to teach the religion to local children. Armenian Street was also known for the pepper trading among the Arab-Achenese and Chinese. Their relationship was not limited to only trading but also to other social and political activities. It was believed that many of them were also members of the going Flag or Hai San sequestered Society, that were based at the Masjid Melayu.One of their leaders was Syed Mohamed Alatas who built the Alatas Mansion at a junction between Acheen Street and Armenian Street. This mid-nineteenth century building of Indo-Malay style was surrounded by a brick wall and two provide that were accessible from both the streets. Its porch was paved with terracota tiles and the gable roof was decorated with Islami c motifs. Today the building which had undergone some renovations is used as the office for the Penang Heritage Centre. Alatas also had another building which became a landmark for pepper traders in Penang.This was his four-storey spice godown and office popularly called Rumah Tinggi (tall house) by the local people because it was the highest building at that time. This building which was also known as Kuan Lau or Small- editorial junction by the Chinese, stands on Beach Street which runs on the east of and at right angle with Armenian Street and Acheen Street. Acheen Street and Armenian Street were typical examples of a multi-cultural section of Georgetown where people of various communities lived side by side and intermarriages were not uncommon.One of Alatas wives was one of the daughters of a very wealthy Hokkien pepper trader in Penang and Sumatra. He was Khoo Tiang Poh who had presented his Khoo Poh Villa at the corner of Acheen Street and Carnavon Street to his Muslim son-in- law. Today it houses the Li Teik Seah School. Khoo Tiang Poh also had a bungalow on Acheen Street which later became the premises of Bangkok Hotel. 31 The Cheah kongsi which was founded in the 1820s also had their kongsi house on Armenian Street. The piece of land which was donated by its founder, Cheah Eam, added a temple building of Malay, Chinese, European and Straits Chinese styles in 1873.This two-storey temple has an upper porch enclosed by wrought iron grills decorated with wood carvings. The lower porch which was renovated in 1930s was guarded by two lion heads. The unsubtle courtyard in the front provides an airy atmosphere for people who come to perform ancestral worship, and other functions. Also on Armenian Street was built the Tua Pek Kong Temple which was dedicated to the God of Prosperity. It was founded by Khoo Teng Pang in 1844 and was also used as a base for the Tua Pek Kong terce or the Khian Tek Society. It was an important headquarters for the Straits Chinese.A fter 1890 when secret societies were banned by the government, this triad became a Hokkien kongsi consisting of several clans, such as the Khoo, Cheah, Lim, Tan and Yeoh, which built clan houses close by. Starting from that year and since then annually, they organised a chng panh (decorated stage) procession accompanied by the very colourful chingay featuring towering three-sided flags. This procession which took place on the 14th day of the Chinese New Year, carried the Tua Pek Kong and the more than 200-year old incense urn from the Armenian Street temple to the news Pearl Temple in Tanjong Tokong.There were also other clan houses on Armenian Street such as, the Moh Hun Association or the Teowchoo Social club, the seafarer kongsi headed by Yeap Chor Ee, and a house which used to be the base for Dr. Sun Yat Sen whenever he was in Penang to plan his political strategies in China. Situated between Armenian and Acheh Streets, at Cannon Square, is the elegant Khoo Kongsi temple. The p iece of land where it stands was bought in 1851. The Khoo clan started building the temple in 1894 and completed it in 1902. 32 Other sub-lineages of the Khoo clan built separate temples, such as the grand donation San Tong Khoo Kongsi at Victoria Street, and the Khoo Si Toon Keng Tong which occupies a shoplot at Beach Street. The main Khoo Kongsi at Cannon Square which was surrounded by over 20 clan dwellings, is very impressive for its intricate architecture. The double imperial roof decorations were constructed from shards cut out from colourful ceramic bowls, and the ancestral hall was decorated with woods carved by specialist artisans. Religious and family functions used to be held here for it had a meeting room, a large reception hall and kitchen.Today it holds only three gatherings annually. They are to celebrate the Cheng Beng (Chinese All SoulsDay) or the empty Ghosts, when the descendants come to the clan temple to worship their ancestors a reunification ceremony during the Tang Chi (Winter Solstice) and an awards ceremony usually held to honour Khoos who have graduated from a tertiary education or who have gained public recognition. XIII. The Former Whole (paragraph 29(iv)) The expansion of Georgetown seemed to grow naturally. The waterfront which was the busiest commercially, was constructed with wharves, godowns and offices.Weld Quay was the main street that greeted ships, tongkang, boats and ferries that carried passengers from the mainland. colonial style two-storey brick buildings with arches dominated this area. They housed European companies, such as the Messrs. Behn, Meyer &038 Co. , German ecstasy agents, general importers and tin refiners. Parallel to Weld Quay, and on the inner side of the city, is Beach Street which was an extension of the port area. The western part was chiefly occupied by Asian (Chinese, Malay and Indian) forwarding agents, traders, market sellers, metalsmiths, onus handlers and shipyard workers.The buildings wer e normally smaller. Only Gedung Acheh was four-storey high. The eastern side of the street was more dominated by European companies, and banks, such as the Standard Chartered brim and the Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN Bank). An adjacent block of buildings that was built later housed the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. neighboring(a) to these latter buildings were the Government offices, first of the East India Company, and later of the Straits Settlements. They were called the Governments Quadrangle built on King Edward Place. The ground floor used to house the Post Office.Now it houses the State Religious Department on one side, which still retains the original building, and the Penang Malay Chamber of Commerce on the other, which underwent a complete renovation because it was bombed during the Japanese occupation. King Edward Place ends with the Victoria Memorial Clock Tower. This tower now stands on a small round-about that opens to Beach Street on its west, Light Str eet on its north, Jalan Tun Syed Sheh Barakbah on its east and the eastern end of Weld Quay on its south. The Tower was built by a prominent Chinese business man, Cheah Chen Eok, to stigmatize the Queen Victorias diamond jublee in 1897.Although the Clock Tower is small compared to the buildings at Beach Street, it remains prominent because of its strategic position. It will be one of the first monuments that can be seen by take passengers to the island. XIV. Conclusion The cities of Melaka and Georgetown are both very rich in their cultural heritage. The people are the living proof of a unique multicultural population, the consequence of centuries of history, that are shown from the living cultures and abodes, the architecture, the languages, and daily routines.They are thoroughly mixed yet not completely blended, much like the rojak, a popular local mixed fruit salad in sweet, slightly hot broad sauce, where the taste of the different fruits is still maintained, but on the whole becomes different because of the unique condiment that binds all in it. The people of both Melaka and Penang, though dominated by Malays, Indians, Chinese as distinct communities, yet there are also the unique historical offshoots of these communities that do not exist anyplace else (except perhaps in Singapore). They are the Peranakan Chinese, Indian, Portuguese and Arab.The most beautiful result of the historical phenomenon is that they all live together, side by side, doing their own things, maintaining their own religions and customs and also enjoying everybodys cuisine. Bibliography Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir,1969. The Hikayat Abdullah. Annotated and translated by A. H. Hill. Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press. Bird, Isabella, 1983 (first published in 1883). The Golden Chersonese. Introduction by Robin Hanbury Tenison. London, Century Publishing. Choong Kwee Kim, In good enough Hands The Star, 5. 2. 2001 Clammer, John R. , 1979.The Ambiguity of Identity Ethnicity Maintenance and transfer Among the Straits Chinese connection of Malaysia and Singapore. ISEAS. Occasional Paper No. 54. Clodd, Harold Park, 1948. Malayas scratch British Pioneer The Life of Francis Light. London, Luzac. Fujimoto, Helen, 1988. The South Indian Community and the phylogeny of the Jawi Peranakan in Penang up to 1948. Tokyo, ILCAA, Tokyo Gaokokugo Daigaku. Harrison, Brian, 1985. Holding the Fort Melaka Under Two Flags, 1795-1845. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian process of the Royal Asiatic Society. Monograph No. 14. ___________, 1979.Waiting For China The Anglo-Chinese College at Malacca, 1818-1843, and Early Nineteenth Century Missions. Hong Kong. Karathigesu, R. , Mariammans Temple Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 42-44. Khoo Su Nin, The Red Belted School Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 3. , 1990, pp. 10-11. __________, The Acheen Street Community A melting Pot of the Malay World Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 22. __________, The Chariot Procession Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 46-4 8. Leith, George, 1804. A lilliputian Account of the Settlement, Produce and Commerce of the Prince of Wales Island in the Straits of Malacca. London, J. Booth.Malacca, 1986. The Times Travel Library, Singapore. Meerah, N. , Old Tamil Place Names Pulau Pinang, Vol. 1, No. 5, 1989. Pp. 13-15. New Straits Times, 4. 8. 1998. Ong Seng Huat, Temple On the Knoll Pulau Pinang, Jan-Feb. 1989, pp. 24-29. ____________, The Khoo Clan Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1990, pp. 4-16. Pintado, Manuel Joachim, 1980. A prom Through Anciet Malacca And A Glimpse At Her Historical Sites. Melaka, Loh Printing Press. Rabeendran, R. , Ethno-Racial Marginality in West Malaysia The Case of Peranakan Hindu Malacca or Malacca Chitty Community University of Malaya, n. d. Scott-Ross, Marcus, 1971.A Short History of Malacca. Singapore, Chopmen Enterprise. Tan Leh Sah, Convent Light Stree Pulau Pinang, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1989, pp. 24-26. The Star, 24. 6. 1984 8. 9. 1987. Wurtzburg, C. E. , 1984. Raffles of the Eastern Isles, Singapore, Oxford University Press. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 Harold Park Clodd, 1948. Malayas First British Pioneer The Life of Francis Light. London, Luzac. P. 9. 2 Marcus Scott-Ross, 1971, A Short History of Malacca. Singapore, Chopmen Enterprise, p. 94. 3 Qouted from Manuel Joaquim Pintado,1980. A Stroll Through Ancient Malacca And A Glimpse At Her Historical Sites. Melaka, Loh Printing Press, p. 6. 4 M. J. Pintado, op. cit. , p. 76. 5 Brian Harrison, 1985. Holding the Fort Melaka Under Two Flags, 1795-1845. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Monograph No. 14, p. 62. 6 Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, 1969. The Hikayat Abdullah, by Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir. Annotated and translated by A. H. Hill, Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, p. 63. 7 C. E. Wurtzburg, 1984. Raffles of the Eastern Isles, Singapore, Oxford University Press, p. 76 8 Ibid. p. 79. 9 Brian Harrison, 1979. Waiting For China The Anglo-Chinese College at Malacca, 1818-1843, and Early Nineteenth Century Missions.Hong Kong, pp. 40-44. 10 John R. Clammer, 1979. The Ambiguity of Identity. Ethnicity Maintenance and Change Among the Straits Chinese Community of Malaysia and Singapore. ISEAS. Occasional Paper No. 54. p. 3. 11 R. Rabeendran, Ethno-Racial Marginality in West Malaysia The Case of Peranakan Hindu Malacca or Malacca Chitty Community University of Malaya, n. d. , p. 7. 12 Malacca, 1986. The Times Travel Library. Singapore, p. 31. 13 Marcus Scott-Ross, op. cit, p. 111. 14 New Straits Times, August 4, 1998. 15 Isabella Bird, 1983. (First Published in 1883). The Golden Chersonese. Introduction by Robin Hanbury Tenison.London, Century Publishing. pp. 254-255. 16 George Leith, 1804. A Short Account of the Settlement, Produce and Commerce of Prince of Wales Island in the Straits of Malacca. London, J. Booth, p. 14. 17 Quoted from Shukor Rahman, The Star, 24 June 1984. 18 deal the Baba in Melaka, these people were born in the Straits Settlements, includi ng Penang. There were few marriages with the local Malays, but had little ties with China. They were distinct from the Melaka Baba. See, John R. Clammer, 1979. The Ambiguity of Identity, p. 54, pp. 2-3. 19 The first Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman was once educated here.So was Tan Sri Lim Chong Eu, one of the captain Ministers of Penang. 20 Tan Leh Sah, Convent Light Street in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 1, No. 6, 1989, pp. 24-26. 21 Choong Kwee Kim, In Good Hands The Star, 5 February 2001. 22 The Star, 8 September 1987. 23 Khoo Su Nin, The Red Belted School in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1990, pp. 10-11. 24 Ong Seng Huat, Temple on the Knoll in Pulau Pinang, Jan-Feb 1989, pp. 24-29. 25 R. Karthigesu, Mariammans Temple in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, no. 6, 1990, pp. 42-44. 26 Khoo Su Nin, The Chariot Procession, in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, no. , 1990, pp 46-48. 27 Isabella Bird, op. cit. , p. 256. 28 N. Meerah, Old Tamil Place Names, in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 1, No. 5, 1989, pp. 13-15. 2 9 Helen Fujimoto, 1988. The South Indian Community and the Evolution of the Jawi Peranakan in Penang up to 1948. Tokyo, ILCAA, Tokyo Gaokokugo Daigaku, p. 36. 30 The Acheen Street Mosque in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2 No. 2, 1990, p. 27. 31 Khoo Su Nin, The Acheen Street Community A thaw Pot of the Malay World Pulau Pinang. Vol. 2, No. 2, 1990, p. 22. 32 Ong Seng Huat, The Khoo Clan in Pulau Pinang, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1990, pp. 4-16.

Own story Essay

It is a great deal difficult to tell your own story, as you do not know where to start. It repletes a lot of determination for every individual to take up responsibilities as well as responsible decisions in demeanor. in that respect comes a time in every individuals life when they are confronted with oppositions from in all sides, from relatives, well-wishers and from people who do not want them to do well in life. It is wholly when an individual overcomes these oppositions, and does in life, that which (s)he always treasured to do, that the individual experiences satisfaction and pleasure in narrating her/his story.I feel halcyon to narrate my story, purely because I deliver always followed my dream. Literature is a subject that I have loved from the get on of fourteen and act to do so. This passion for my subject is what encouraged me to take up books for my graduation and the only bit of support that I had in doing so was that which I received from my parents. Being b orn into a family full of buttoned-down science graduates who were ready to accept nothing but positivism, I had to event resistance, a mighty lot of it.My high grades in English dustup at National level school examinations were not at all impressive to most of the people who were truly concerned about my future. Nevertheless, the low support that I received from my parents was the main factor that gave me strength to construction this resistance. Hence, I pursued my dream, leaving behind all the grumblings of discontent from my well-wishers and entered my devout classroom in one of the most prestigious colleges of my State. It is in this classroom that I discovered that I had taken the right decision afterward all, and started loving my subject even more.Having a military background often helps people to cultivate various qualities like punctuality and a rage that can never stand non-sense. They are the people who get an probability to travel a lot in their childhood and this further helps them to overstep easily and express themselves without any ambiguity. Since my father served as a denotation Commander in the Indian Air Force, I was fortunate comme il faut to meet many kinds of people from various backgrounds, could make friends easily and could run effectively.These communication skills helped me a great deal with my academics and contributed to my success as a student, as proven by the position I hold in the class rank list. Education is empowerment and every individual has a right to this empowerment. Bias and prejudices based on caste, creed and poverty should never come in the way of this empowerment. Children should never be denied the right to education, scarcely because their parents cannot afford to send them to nice educational institutions.Keeping this view in mind, I signed up in Make A remnant charity organization, which helps to teach under privileged children important subjects like English, calculating machine Science and P lacements. I have enrolled as an English teaching offer up and this organization aims at teaching the Cambridge syllabus for English, that which is taught in most of the worldwide Schools in the country. As a volunteer, I would like to give these children the scoop as they have an equal right to education.The urge to become self-employed person is usually a driving force when it comes to youngsters seeking employment. This urge, combined with a desire to be of financial help to my family is what led me to register at www. asiawriters. com. Writing is a boon given by God and at the same time, it is a talent that I have cultivated since childhood. I wanted to take maximum advantage of my talent in order of magnitude to pursue my career as a freelance journalist. That is why, today, at the age of eighteen, I find myself writing this article.With the very little experience that I have in life and with acknowledging the fact that I am only a student, who recently completed her 1st y ear BA English Literature, I can say that this is my story. The above-mentioned reasons have made me what I am today and although I am aware of the fact that I am a very young girl, I feel golden at having realized my dream. It was always my dream to learn literature and I have always dreamt of writing. Today I feel that I have accomplished something.

Text Messages and Video Conferencing

Project Objective The objective of this show is to implement demand and receiving text messages and video conferencing on LANA using Visual Basic. It provides functionality that enables classes to use a default application framework. Once the frame work is able to do s eat uping and receiving messages and video conferencing on LANA, the get a line can be extend in future for developing audio recording jabber as well. both users are able to chat by set downing each others IP addresses. Users can easily add and delete contacts from their contact describe.Users can exit in and reject invitations or requests of video hat. Since the only form of authentication is alter the recipient to accept chat request, this application is not very skillful to use on the Internet. But, this application is intended to be utilise within a LANA where users are known and trusted. Questionnaires 1 . Who can benefit this carcass? 2. What are the requirements In terms of Hardware components Software Components 3. What features does the strategy gap In terms of Sending and receiving message Video Conferencing 4.How many participants do you envisage needing to use the system? Will be the equipment be utilise? In a single location dedicate location at school sphere location throughout the school 5. Where 6. Are there any maintenance and support services or contracts available to you In relation to the equipment? 7. How much was the cost of the project and when will be Its age? 8. How easy Is the equipment to use and operate? How straightforward Is the user Interface? education of Problem This present breeding tries to analyze, design, develop, test and Implement secured LANA chat system.Specially, the study sought answer the following questions 1. Who can benefit this system? 2. How effective the LANA chat System Is? 3. What specific programme language needed for the proposed LANA chat System? 4. What are the technical features of the proposed system In terms of a. aegis b. Celestially d. System Process Significance of the Study The proposed system basically connects to accredited people by obtaining an IP Configuration it also provides video conferencing by obtaining the said IP address.Further, it also provides on sending and receiving messages through LANA and at the same time you can only chose and create contact list wherein a certain somebody you want can only interact to you by getting its IP address. This system is a project proposition intended for the students and officers/employees of some establishments for them not to need a radiocommunication federation Just to communicate to other people or their friends. This would also allow them to connect and socialize to people like sending and receiving text message and video conferencing through LANA even though they dont have connections like wireless or modem.With this system, it would be easy for them to exchange thoughts and ideas by Just communication to their friends. Revie w of Related Literature The simplest computer chatting is a method of sending, receiving, and storing typed assuages with a ne dickensrk of users. This network could be WAN (Wide discipline Network) or LANA(Local Area Network). Our chatting system will deal only with lans (static IP address) and it is made up of two applications one runs on the server situation (any computer on the network you choose it to be the server) while the other is delivered and executed on the lymph node PC.Every time the client wants to chat he runs the client application, enter his user name, host name where the server application is running, and hits the connect thrust and start chatting. The system is many-to-many arrangement every-one is able to talk to anyone else. Messages may be broadcasted to all receivers(recipients are automatically notified of incoming messages) or sent to special(a) individuals ( hush-hush chatting through server) where during this operation all messages are encrypted at t he sender side and decrypted at the recipient to disallow any hackers to the server from reading these private messages.For this system to be physically realized you should be familiar with schedule and networking. Visual Basic is our programming language, TCP/IP is our network protocol, and in conclusion windows sockets is our programming interface to have feeler to network functionality. Video conferencing enables direct face-to-face communication across networks. The term video conferencing covers a range of communication activities and technologies.At one end of the scale are web- conferencing tools much(prenominal) as Yahoo Instant Messenger, which can be used with low- cost webs on stand-alone PCs to provide basic video conferencing facilities. At the high end of the scale are dedicated video conferencing studios with specialist cameras, lighting and audio equipment. What each video conferencing system has in common is that two or more parties in different locations have t he ability to monomaniac using a combination of video, audio and data.A video conference can be person to person (referred to as point-to-point) or can involve more than two (the United Kingdom Education and Research Networking Association) to develop a discipline schools network. This will be a secure network, available from anywhere, allowing easy access to a wide range of high quality online applications, including video conferencing. methodology Waterfall Approach In the software development process cycle, programming models are used to plan the various stages of developing an application. One such model is the waterfall del.It is called such because the model develops systematically from one mannequin to another in a downward fashion, like a waterfall. urgency Gathering and Analysis Deployment of System System Design Implementation examen Maintenance Figure 1 . Waterfall Model Figure 1 shows the model that the researchers followed from the start until the implementation of the system. It had begun in the gathering of requirements and analysis. The researchers conducted an interview with the client in order to assemble the necessary information in constructing the system Just as how the client expects it to be.Sharing of if ideas and opinions between the researchers and the client took place during the meeting of the requirements for the said system, in order to distinguish, whether such requirements could be valid and realistic to be included in the system to be developed . magician friendly interface, big capacity of storage, reliable and secure. aft(prenominal) the requirements have been poised and analyzed, the researchers then started to build the design of the system. The user -interface was drafted and designed according to clients request.The researchers chose IV programming Language for construction of the system. The design served as a taper on where to begin and to end. Without this, the construction of the system would be difficult. Upon finishing the chosen design of the system, the coding was started. As the coding of the system progressed, immediate interrogatory was done to distinguish if it works in the preferred way and to necessitate all the bugs. When the construction of the system was at the last completed, it was tested to phase. After the successful testing of the system, it was then transported to client .The waterfall approach was used as guide to complete the system or project. Proponents System psycho analyst is amenable for the support of at least complex systems and applications, analyzes and understands the current produce processes to ensure that the context and implications of change are understood by the clients and project teams, develops an understanding of how present and future business needs will impress to the solution and works with the clients to prioritize and rationalize the requirements of the system.The documenter or project generator develops and maintains, under the sup ervision of the project leader, the different documents pertaining to the management of the project including the project plan/schedule of he project closure document. In this project, the firstly systems analyst and the project manager is John Michael Mango. In systems development, he is responsible for the designing of the new system/application.Also required to perform as a programmer, where he actually writes the code to implement the design of the proposed application. The second systems analyst is Siebel Managua who is responsible for defining the alternate solutions to the system and also for the problems occurring at the various stages of the development process. Finally, the documenter is Johnnie Malay who designs, creates and maintains technical documentation.