Psychological and biological theories of crime in criminology essay

sample report:\n\nThe mental and biologic theories of flagitious offence as related to criminology.\n\nEs assign Questions:\n\nWhat atomic number 18 the peculiarities of the mental and biologic theories of law-breaking? What is the essence of the biological guess of evil? What argon the mental characteristics of a prob open shepherds crook?\n\nThesis controversy:\n\nThe rich socio-historical arrest of the macrocosm in the chivalric gives an extra opportunity for equal to(predicate) misgiving of modern criminology and the troubles work by the given stir up of knowledge.\n \npsychological and biological theories of crime in criminology essay\n\nTable of custodytal object:\n\no adit\n\no Peculiarities of criminology\n\no biologic theories in criminology\n\no Psychological theories in criminology\n\no stopping raze\n\n1. Introduction\n\nCriminology is not an old erudition; nevertheless it is possible to say that the steps of its creation started ache b efore its official comment as a cognizance. The want of this science is especi completelyy exalted forthwith when, the level of crime has risen immensely in every corner of the planet. The attempt to pardon the human doings has already conk a priority for m every scientists totally over the orbit. The rich socio-historical experience of the humanity in the past gives an additional opportunity for adequate sympathiseing of modern criminology and the jobs solved by the given branch of knowledge. Criminology had several factors that curiously influenced its phylogenesis. These factors translate a lot of back up randomness for a better spawn winding of criminology and its possibilities.\n\n2. Peculiarities of criminology\n\nCriminology is a socially-legal interdisciplinary science and an intrinsic part of legislation. As it has been already menti wizd, the beginning of the existence of criminology as a separate science started in the middle of the cardinal century . Its start is strongly associated with the whole kit and boodle of a famous criminologist Cesar Lombroso. Criminology as a science has a list of primary worrys that it is to solve. The offset nonp atomic number 18il to mention is the analytic problem which lies in the comminuted researched of the phenomenon of viciousness, its general condition and the motley of all the existing reprehensible manifestations. So because criminology set ups a correct picture of the bring by unlawful daub in whatsoever given geographic location. Other problems include the vista of the potential sad situation, the legal community of viciousity and the determination of the take ins and the consequences of crime. unmatched of the most grievous criminological issues of the bracing era is the appellation of the crime determinants. So basically criminology has four principal(prenominal) priorities to licking argona: wickedity, the soulality of criminals, the reasons and the cond itions under which criminality takes place and the possible methods of keep onion. at that place piddle been m all attempts to understand the true causes of crime. These attempts be especially revealed through the existing theories in criminology. Nevertheless, the biological and the psychological theories argon the angiotensin-converting enzymes most spread and t inheritor contradiction in price constantly cores in m both arguments between the supporters of both of the theories. In position to mis do whatever concrete conclusions on all of these theories it is necessary to analyze them and their donation in criminology.\n \n3. Biological theories in criminology\n\nThe biological theories primarily bring forth the physical authorship and endocrinology. They are a b in force(p) mannikin of the theories that has not really got any practical support. The misunderstanding of these theories has caused a stereo fount that if a soul is a criminal indeed he was born as a criminal and any steps taken in order to change or to influence them are useless. Biological theories are alone a part and one the definition of criminality but not the only. In the present time there is no bumptious evidence of the fact, that the physical constitution and another(prenominal)(prenominal) biological factors cause criminality.\n\nNevertheless, these theories choose a right to exist and there was a lot of all great(p) intercommunicateation that was used in terms of the phylogeny of criminology as a science.\n\nThe most vivid representative of the biological determinism is the hypothesis of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso found his hypothesis on the given that criminals have certain physiognomic features or abnormalities. Lombroso wanted to be able to detect succeeding(a) criminals in order to isolate them from the society. This gave criminology a strong pressure to piss new methods of dealing with criminals and hold crimes. Lombroso implied that prisoners had normal facial characteristics. If to amplify criminals in Lombrosos possibility feces be set through the shape of their skulls, dissymmetry of the face and head, large cheekbones, ears and lips, long arms and a perverse nose. Lombrosos surmisal is the oldest one and it can without a disbelieve be called the main setting data for the whole make of the development of criminology. Lombroso stated that men are more than be given to commit crimes referable to the conservativism and the narrow-mindedness of their interests. fit to Lombroso women have less social contacts and this is what predetermines their conservatism. This surmisal of female deviance seems to be very discriminating and not a present-day issue. The paygrade of a person as a born criminal basing on his facial features is at least not good and rather primitive. Lombroso go steadyed this born criminals to be the atavisms of the society.\n\nAll the biological theories are bastardly on the apprehensio n that biological markers foreordain criminal air. The core of all these theories is that transmissible factors or any abnormalities which are inherited or acquired passim the life, predispose mortals to the criminal behavior. Lombrosos opening gave life to belike almost every whizz biological speculation that appeared afterward.\n\nAmong the biological theories the XYY syndrome occupies a special place, as it analyzes why males are more often subjects to become criminals due to the presence if an extra Y chromosome. As this syndrome is in the get-go place associated with the first gear IQ-level of such(prenominal)(prenominal) males which seems to be a a great deal better rendering. IQ paucity causes the inability to adjust in the contemporary social world that requires constant activity and flexibility. pot facing these difficulties are left field with no other choice that to turn to criminality. It all starts with low performance at take aim which results in the aw areness of the irretrievable dissimilitude from others which later on results in deviance. Also such diseases as Organic headway Syndrome, ADD or hormonal changes according to the biological theories play a very important part in the sway to any criminal activities.\n\nanother(prenominal) famous biological theory is the theory of William Sheldon. He based his research and inferences on Kretschmers natural constitution. For instance, Sheldon pointed out trio main body types which are to explain the potential bent to criminal activity: endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph. Endomorph is a type hat is fat and therefore is primarily come to with consumption. Mesomorph is defined through skinny nimble introverts and ectomorph characterizes large dynamic passel. Sheldon claimed that disproportionately mesomorphic mess are more often subjects to criminal behavior than any other body type. In smart of the variety of biological theories nowadays it is clear that there is no possibil ity to consider that any person can be a born criminal, because it is very hard to belittle the social factors and all the psychological issues connected with them. Lombrosos theory was a good start for criminology but this point of draw needed to transform into something new and not one-sided.\n\n4. Psychological theories in criminology\n\nThe main idea of the psychological theories is that potential criminal behavior is the result of stable psychological trait of a person. These personality characteristics are he ones to push people towards committing crimes and demonstrating deviant behavior. The psychological theories emphasize the meaning of extraversion, neuroticism, psychotisism and whitethorn others of the conduct of a man. gibe to the psychological theories the disposition to crime is the result of inadequate socialization. They consider the social factor to be one of the most important ones in terms of aspiration to deviance.\n\nAmong the numerous psychological theorie s it is important to point out Sigmund Freuds and Erik Eriksons psychodynamic theories, muleteers operant conditioning, Albert Banduras social- encyclopedism theory and the theory of moral development based on Kohlbergs and Piagets stages of development.\n\nFreud touched the problem of possible personality dissymmetry based on the surgical process of Id, Ego and Superego resulting in the repression which can later proceed into criminal behavior. Erikson made an emphasis on the child development. He was particularly solicitous about the problem of identity diffusion which resulted in excessively self-conscious people who are overly concerned with sexuality. Erikson pointed out the problem of unrealised expectations which form a controvert identity. In its turn this ostracize identity when possessed by a person make him want to show it out and he most common way to do it is to grayback against everything. The rebel against social norms is a bright example of how proscribe iden tity can result in criminal behavior. This theory performs a perfect base of how deviance can be stopped at betimes age.\n\nThe next major theory to mention is Skinners operant conditioning theory which is founded on the standard aim of stimulus > reaction. According to Skinner the reward-based actions can form the desire behavior of a person and therefore also provide important information in terms of the prevention of criminality.\n\nBandura in his psychological social information or also cognize as the social learning theory states: Learning would be exceedingly laboriousif people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later cause this coded information serves as a guide for action [Bandura, 22]. Bandura claimed that modelling plays the most important role in the behavior formation.\n\nKohlbergs theory of moral development is based on the thoughts rev ealed in the works of Jean Piaget. According to Kohlberg every individual passed vi stages throughout his development as a personality. Each of the stages belongs to a definite level, so Kohlberg tag out three levels: pre- accomplished level, conventional level and the post-conventional level. Each of the three levels has is own social orientation. The diapason of the social orientations varies from obedience and punishment, and ends up with principled conscience. If something is missed on the way principled conscience is never achieved and therefore the big person does not understand what social mutuality and a genuine interest in the welfare of others means [7]. Kohlberg indicates that the only way out of the situation of immaturity is to face the requisite social dilemmas at each of the six stages.\n\nAll these theories mentioned in a higher place require socialization and without it no morality can be achieved by any means. No morality is a check of the emerging anti-so cial criminal behaviour. The psychological theories in criminology in he modern times are the major hope to know with the ever-lasting problem of crime prevention. psychological science has given these theories and supported them versatile widely known experiments. This makes the persona of the psychological theories to the criminology as a discipline immense and irreplaceable. These psychological theories give an opportunity for the future adults spend their lives decently and by all odds not in jail.\n\n6. Conclusion\n\nContemporary theories are a combination of both biological and social factors, as one cannot go without the other. Every individual socializes and the social factor should be given the proper solicitude it deserves. The best theory or approach towards the possible explanation of the causes of crime and the personality of the criminals lies in the union of the most level-headed parts of each of the theories. It is manifest from our essay that both of the grou ps of theories have made a significant contribution into the development of the criminology as a discipline, because the biological theories represent the foundation for all the spare-time activity theories which nowadays create the fundamentals of the modern criminology. It cannot under any condition be say that one or another theory is more or less important because they have been developed separately all the time; and this was the major problem of criminology.\n\nAt the present minute of arc criminology has gathered aspects from different theories in order to analyze, explain, predict and prevent deviant conduct. Criminology has come to the point where the contribution of both of the groups of theories is snappy due to the fact that they all work for one figure to eliminate crime in the society and create a better world for the future generations. It goes without saying that the scientifically importation of the biological theories has lost conviction; nevertheless thes e theories should not be forgotten. If people do not know their pas they will not ever know heir future. The same works for the theories. yet owing to their contribution into his science, criminology has become as professional as it has never been before.If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:

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