Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Contracts Essay

Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Contracts - Essay ExampleThe origin of concession was from the E&P of the petroleum in the developing petroleum mining countries by the international oil companies. It dates backrest to the late 19th Century when most of oil producing countries were under the European power political control. The Indonesian GOE and a foreign oil connection were the first to form a Production sharing company in 1966 that was under the foreign companys peoples empathy together with the countries chartering to control the inherent resources within Indonesia. In between 1958 and 1961, Service contract was introduced for the first age in Argentina by the Argentinian government. The service contract introduced was in three types that included financial exploration, drilling, and development in the aim of achieving the most advanced technology. A third type of contract that is the joint venture was for the first time introduced in the Italian GOE, Iranian GOE, and Egypt. It was meant to participate in the Managerial decision. The ownership of petroleum is granted by the concession agreement.

Copyright Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

procure Issues - probe Examplehe originator realized that their contribution has received acknowledgement in different regions, and there is no mention of their name and contribution. Copyright laws have provided concrete protection to the misuse of art, however it fails to up bring and provides opportunities to other artist to work upon and carry forward the work of other master piece. Copyright laws have banned the duplication or any other track of plagiarisms, neither has it permitted any form of readjustment or modification efforts of the individual for the improvement of the work piece. Therefore if Copyright laws are autocratic step towards protection of the master piece, however it has taken an offensive step against the emerging artist who seeks alteration in previous master piece. Therefore it is really important for the artist community to understand that the death penalty of copyright laws have narrowed the spectrum of creativity that the fresh artist possessed to launch and experiment their skills in early stages.Internet has so far being partially successful in execution and instruction execution of the copyright laws, initially the services and offerings of the internet operated not under any international copyright agreement. During this finis it was observed that the emerging artist seek guidance from the masterpiece available, this practice was enhancing their skills, but later when a few(prenominal) of those involved themselves into malpractice the society realized that copyright laws needed to be implemented internationally. The positive aspects was ignored i.e. skills and motivations of the young artist was improving.The internet regulation and monitoring is however stable in developed countries, it is saddening to observe that in many developing countries like China, Pakistan and India, internet is still the frequent mode of plagiarism, all this is under the lineup of the internet agencies based in United States and Europe, but no action has been taken because such regulations and violations

Final assignment Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

final exam assignment - Movie Review ExampleJohnson from achieving her dreams with teaching. The students are derailed from concentrating in their education by drug dealings and other elements of street life that are unfavorable to education (Smith).This movie is important to me individually because it affirms my smell that, besides its use for language aesthetics, literally work has practical implications on the society. For example, Johnson uses Dylan Thomas and Bob Dylans poems to challenge and instill hope in her students, and the results are visible. This movie embodies messages and feelings that are relevant today because it features veritable life issues that have endured through history. Issues of poverty, illiteracy, and drugs trafficking are issues that still make headlines to the present day. However, the theme of hope has traversed centuries and it is exemplified in this movie (Smith). Finally, the message of change featured in this movie is reminiscent of the present day exertion to abandon the practices and systems that hamper progress and embrace those that bring

The Essence of Memorable Tourism Experiences Essay

The Essence of Memorable Tourism Experiences - strain ExampleThe conduct attempts to show that there is a direct relationship between memorable touristry experiences and the number of tourists who visit a destination. This is through an exploration of the experiences of tourists and the elements of the visits that they make that ensure that they not only require to return to a destination but also their ability to either recommend destinations through enunciate of mouth to their friends and acquaintances. The study makes an examination of the experiences that ar likely to have a positive effect on the memory and how this effect bathroom be studied in a bid to develop information that can be useful to the tourism industry.Among the research questions that are being withdrawed in this study is concerning the elements that can be considered to be the building blocks of memories. Furthermore, there is a question concerning what the triggers of memory are and what types of experie nces ensure that these memories are retained. Another question that is asked is establish on the methodical challenges that might be encountered when making a study of memories. Finally, the study attempts to develop an understanding of how practitioners in the tourism industry can work towards the development of memorable experiences for tourists.The main method of study that was put into use in the gathering of information was through interviews that were based on open-ended questions designed to ensure that the various dimensions of memory experiences were captured. Furthermore, it was found to be essential for the interviewer to ask questions in a predetermined order so that it could be determined whether the answer to a preceding(prenominal) question could influence the one of the next. The data was collected from a Canadian University and it was based on the grounded possibleness in order to increase its efficiency and credibility.

SOCIAL SCIENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SOCIAL SCIENCE - Essay ExampleTraditionally, there were frameworks care biomedical model, which did not consider the human side of a longanimous of role. Jewson (1976, p. 235) analysis that in the biomedical model the patient was designated a passive and uncritical role in the consultative relationship and his main process was to endure and wait. According to Doyal (1983, p.31) in the traditional models the indisposition had become more important than the person who harboured it. However, there has been a shift to models that consider other factors such as social, psychological and environmental in constitution the context of a disease and illness. An example is the bio-psychosocial which has sought to understand medical conditions through the analysis of a variety of factors. The model acknowledges that in a disease context, there are many factors such as behavior and attitude towards the illness, social as well as psychological factors (Engel, 2012). The narratives from the patients are today extensively applied to explore the patient experiences with illness (Charon 2001 Kleinman 1988).In this case, the awareness of the binary relationship between disease and illness has revolutionarised the medical practice. This is the difference between the biomedical constructs of the pathophysiological processes and individuals subjective experience of the patient explored in other models that consider disease as a result of myriad factors (Kleinman 1988). The exploration of patient narrative is relevant in the case of diabetes because patients and physicians have different perceptions, concerns and goals (Anderson 1986 Freeman & Loewe 2000). In this assignment, a patients story on her experience with diabetes will be explored with an aim to construct the cultural, social and psychological meaning and locate the facts in contemporary theoretical perspectives. The real names

Stateless Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stateless Nation - Essay ExampleStatelessness has serious add-on results for the affected individuals (Blitz, p.116). It has been recorded in the research papers and reports that stateless persons face immense challenges in the run for of their lives as stateless persons and until they acquire particular citizenship. Human rights accomplishment is one of the key challenges affecting such(prenominal) people. It should be acknowledged that there is a close link between fulfilment of global human macrocosm rights and citizenship. For instance, when a non-governmental organisation takes up protection of Universal human rights without the acknowledgement of the state they become prostrate to human rights violations leading to inability to satisfy most of the domestic and political privileges. Every human being is entitled to recognition before the law, be equal before it, possess freedom of movement and association, as well as the right to participate wholly in the affairs of the stat e. It would be wrong to gauge that the stateless people are denied civil and political rights alone. In fact, amicable, fiscal and traditional privileges rank laid-back in the list of unfulfilled list of rights for the stateless people. Such matters as the right to self-determination, working rights, education, registering of birth, social security just to mention a few are guaranteed with the citizenship and none of these is guaranteed when someone is stateless.

Knowledge management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Knowledge management - Assignment ExampleCompanies which have been able to enjoy the belligerent advantage have been as a result of effective implementation of knowledge management within its workforce. Knowledge management has been effective to the companies in increasing their performances since it comes with a number of benefits to the company which makes it more than streamlined for the companies. Knowledge management encompasses many strategies which are used in identifying, creating, representing and enabling the employees to better understand their roles. This question paper will focus on how DHL international has used knowledge management in up(a) its function as well as the gainsays it met during its implementation. DHL DHL is a logistical and communication company offering run all across the globe. The company provides its customers with easy to use services and products which are of innovative and provide solutions ranging from communication marketing to supply o f industrial materials in the supply chain. DHL Company services include Shipping, Tracking, Export services, merchandise services, Domestic services as well as providing small business solutions and industry solutions. The company operates in more than 200 countries around the world among them being USA, Germany, England, and Kenya among other countries. In efforts to ensure that the company renders its services effectively to the clients, the company has employed different professionals which have been efficient in putting the company at the competitive advantage every year in. The company has a workforce of over 470, 000 employees worldwide which makes it ace of the largest top employing companies in the world. The company withal manages over one million customers per hour of those who seeks its operations (DHL, 2012). Since the line of the company in 1969, the company has been steadily increasing in its performances over the years as a result of its innovations in the workfo rce. Even with the upswing and global economic turmoil, DHL increased its revenues in the first half of the 2011 which was also witnessed in the second quarter. As a global logistical company, the company has been benefiting through increasing its take volumes with increasing revenues each year among its divisions. The improved profitability of the Company has been achieved through the companies restructuring measures which were implemented in the former years. Additionally, the companies consolidated revenues increased by 3.5% on the second half the year 2011 to stand at more than 25, 681 Euros. The company has outreach programs through Corporate Social Responsibility program which ensures it maintains its relationship with the customers who are part of the conjunction as well as introducing new products to them (DHL, 2012). Challenges in Implementing Knowledge Management Implementing knowledge managements has been a challenge to many organizations as a result of many reasons. I t demands a lot which organizations are not middling willing to offer immediately though they are willing to enjoy the benefits of its implementation. DHL is one of the companies which have been boffo as a result of its implementation though it faced a lot of challenges for it to be eventually incorporated in the organization. The challenges which were met by DHL are discussed below. One of the challenges that the organization experienced was developing the culture in the organizati

Modernization Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modernization Theory - Essay ExampleModernization theory states that it is progressive processes whose go in the society is inevitable. Additionally, the argument follows that the modernization theory as occurs is a desirable information, which entailed the processes facilitating development in the regions where it occurred. According to the theorists, the processes of the modernization theory constitute three varied waves of occurrence. The first wave of the procedural development occurred in the early 20th century. The core happening was the attempt to diffuse the western culture, their technological innovations and the personalized communication styles as superior (Billet 36). The suggested developments were highly selective and addressed the factors of materialism and superiority innovations. This wave of the modernization theory followed the assumptions that with respect to economic development, mass media is the channel to promote the global diffusion of the technical and cordial innovations essential to the modernization of those societies. Another mutation produced in this wave focused on literacy and culture development. It express that the communication would facilitate literacy and additional skills and techniques that encourage the state of mind towards favourable modernity (Inglehart & Christian 65). This variant encouraged the thinking that an imagination is the alternative of life beyond the traditional ways. Lastly, this wave embodied the carry to establish national identity development.

What are Human Rights Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What are gracious Rights - Assignment ExampleAll these documents led to the creation of all modern day benignant rights documents. legion(predicate) of them have been converted to modern-day policies and human rights documents in varied segments of social, religious, economic and political sections (Baylis, Smith and Owens, 2010). However, the impend issue to date is the problem of deprivation. These legal documents are meant to help the oppressed across different sections of the social club to resort to means of emancipation. Despite its long history, the field of Human Rights unavoidably to effectively perform to meliorate human lives.Human Rights were born after the World War II, with the formation of the United Nations (OHCHR, 2015). This led to accent on the individual consciousness as a part of inherent ability to be purportedly universal or self-evident in existence, international legalization and endowments. One of its most important expressions germane(predicate) i n the present century is the debate and success of human rights as a legal leading(predicate) for legitimate involvement and ensuring that everyones rights are protected (Twiss, 2004).The generation-wise classification was introduced in Karel Vasak in the year 1977. The civil-political (First-generation) human rights pertain to norms related to physical and civil security and civil-political liberties or empowerments (for example, laws relating to slavery, freedom of thought, religion etc). The second kinfolk relates to the socio-economic (Second-generation) human rights that again include two subtypes, such as, norms related to the provision of goods for meeting social needs and thosepertaining to meeting the economic needs (for example, laws relating to nutrition, shelter, health-care).The (Third Generation) collective-developmental human rights include two subtypes, i.e., self-determination of peoples for securing economic, social, and cultural development and slightly other sp ecial rights of ethnic and religious minorities that entitles them to freely practice their own cultures, language, and religion.

Pre-Research ( Alhilal Saudi Football club ) Essay

Pre-Research ( Alhilal Saudi-Arabian Football unite ) - Essay ExampleEver since its launch lvii years ago, the club has excelled in Saudi Arabia and Asia to win fifty-five official championships. These include seven Arabian Gulf Championships, six Asian championships and forty national championships. As mentioned earlier, Al-Hilal has been very successful in Saudi Arabia and the Asian unblemished, therefore, earning the nickname Al-Zaeem, meaning The Boss (FIFA, 2014). In recent years, its dominance in the Asian continent has dwindled down Al-Hilal club but it remains one of the most successful football club in the continent. The International Federation of Football History and Statistics named Al-Hilal FC as the Asian Football Club of the past atomic number 6 (Wikipedia, 2014).Al Hilal FCs home games are played at the King Fahd International Stadium, which was built in 1987 and has a capacity of sixty seven thousand fans. Some of the key raft in the focusing and coaching inclu de Abdulrahman bin Musaad who is the chairperson, Sami Al-Jaber as the manager and Cosmin Olaroiu as the team coach (Al Hilal Saudi Club, 2014). The club has signed almost of the best football players like Thiago Neves, Christian Wilhelmsson, and Osama Hawsawi among others. In the past, the club had signed some football legends such as Roberto Rivelino, Mohamed Al-Deayea, and Yousuf Al-Thunayan among others (Wikipedia, 2014).Throughout the years, the club has displayed great football and teamwork therefore, receiving recognition through the many tournaments that it has won. Al-Hilal FC lifted its first trophy in in 1961 when it won the Kings Cup tournament. In 1964, the team was able to overpower its main rivals, Al-Ittihad through penalties to recapture the Kings cup. Many people had started to see the great potential in the team and this attracted a huge following. The club did not spoil when the Saudi Premier League was started in 1976, as it emerged the first winners (FIFA, 2 014). Up to

Disease and health Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Disease and health - Case Study ExampleThis paper, therefore examines certain aspects and issues in sexually patrimonial diseases by trying answer the question on the extent sexual allude has played in the spread of STDs by looking at the keys issues affecting the topic, possible future scenarios and crack various interventions measures that can be applied in solving the issues (Shoquist & Stafford, 2004).Sexually transmitted diseases remain the about dangerous and prevalent health issues affecting many another(prenominal) individuals especially youths in our society today. The society has taken a large stance in promoting abstinence in key issues related to sexual activities in the society. The results has however been drastic because the failure of explaining issues on the topic of sex has led to key issues which contributes to the spread of the sexually transmitted diseases among youths and the society at large. This has been caused as result of the sensitive nature of the t opic as many individuals engage in sexual activities therefore finding it difficult to openly discuss the topic amongst themselves and to the younger generations in particular (Greenwood, 2012).The different issues affecting the spread of sexually transmitted diseases be biological factors. STDs are known to be acquired by having unprotected sex with an infected partners and due to the fact that majority of STDs do not show symptoms at early stage, many of those who are infected can not show that they need medical treatment. Moreover for those who are not infected it becomes extremely difficult to identify those with the infections. In relating to the issue of gender disparities, women constitute a large percentage of those suffering from complex sexually transmitted diseases than men. This is normally so because of the severity of the effects of STDs on them. Likewise, in relating to age disparity issue, youths are the ones prostrate to contact sexually disease more than adults because of the numerous sexually partners they have. In

Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, clock essential for circadian Article

Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, clock essential for circadian behavior - Article sheathThere is no information in existence that shows molecular elements of clock systems found in mammals.Reports be made on the mouse isolation of mutations that alter two significant circadian rhythms properties the rhythmicity persistence and the inwrought period length. When brought together, the given results describe a gene referred to as a clock which is important for conventionality circadian behavior (Lowrey, 5). Due to the isolation of many clock mutants in different organisms been semi-dominant, the heterozygotes found in the mouse were screened. Due to B6 mice exhibiting robust circadian rhythms, this assay was apply in screening circadian mutants. The body process rhythms were observed during light dark cycle exposure. This was to access the entrainment or synchronization behavior. Additionally, in total darkness, it was used in determining the locomotor activity rhythm circu lation period (Lowrey, 7).Laboratory mouse was found to pay circadian periods that were less than twenty four hours and the B6 mice were found to have periods averaging between 23.3 to 23.8 hours (Lowrey, 8). After testing the G1 which was ENU-treated manly offsprings, period length distribution of the activity rhythms of these G1 mice were found to be normal. G1-25 showed circadian periods. They progressively lengthened all over the first thirty

Investigating the Environmental Disaster in the Gulf of Mexico Essay

Investigating the Environmental Disaster in the Gulf of Mexico - Essay drillThis has seriously impacted the human values of not causing harm to others.Thesis Statement The settle of this paper is to investigate the complexity and link between sustainability issues including natural polices and human values and determine the shipway in which human systems and ecosystems atomic enactment 18 linked.and the ethics of not causing harm (George 242). Moral law is a free will approach which gives people the freedom to decide the way in which they should act. Moral law theory is morally absolute, not relativistic, connecting human nature and ethical life (Houser et al 22). Ethical laws ar natural, that is they apply to all human beings, irrespective of individual customs and beliefs.Significantly, natural laws are non-consequential, and the publications of an act are not brought into the ethical analysis. In this respect, it is evident that the cover spill causing extensive destructi on is the consequence of installing the particular anoint rig, and this outcome is not included in the ethical analysis of the situation. consort to natural law, human life has absolute value, hence a single life cannot be sacrificed to save several lives. Thus, it is in contrast with the utilitarian view of cost and benefit, and of achieving the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Houser et al 22).Additionally, natural law requires that moral judgments should take into account the intentions of the persons performing the act. In the oil rig disaster, it is not possible to make any moral judgment of right or defile based on the intentions of the British Petroleum Company, since the occurrence of such a magnitude, which has caused extensive financial losses for the company was not deliberately intended to happen by them. However, the element of carelessness towards ensuring thorough golosh in all aspects appears to have played a part in the catastrophe. The ongoing leakage from the oil well in the Gulf of Mexico, 48 miles

Financial and Managerial Accounting Personal Statement

Financial and Managerial Accounting - Personal Statement ExampleI make up been on the job(p) with an audit firm for the last three years and through this experience I did gain adept amount of k forthwithledge in the fields of financial accounting, auditing and taxation. But lately I have realize the importance of management and decision making in comparison to analyzing the outcomes of decision already made. Moreover, my educational efficacy and work experience has given me a strong foundation in public accounting, but now I find the necessity to broaden my horizon so that when required, I would be able to hatful a situation from various angles rather than having just an auditors view. Also, in order to improve my career, I would have to be in a position wherein I would have the responsibility as well as the capability to make crucial decisions. As I went through the IMA website, I realized that the curriculum in the CMA program could prepare me well for this challenge.I have a l shipway been a person who likes to work on ones own terms. Though I am part of a finance team of a intermediate scale company right now, I intend to establish my own business in the costly future. As of now, I am working on improving my skill and knowledge and looking for ways to increase the resources available in order to achieve my goals.

Appraising (Human Resource management) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Appraising (Human Resource management) - Essay Exampleld base the annual procedure appraisal on both the performance shown by the employee till this stain since the start of the year, and that shown by the employee from this story in the year onward till its end. In other words, the performance shown by the employee for the previous objectives whose epoch is from the start till the middle of the year does not go waste. However, since it is a little complicated for the employee to short exercise a radical change in his/her work responsibilities, it is imperative that the meetings between the manager and the employee from this point onwards till the end of the year are made more frequent. This means that if previously, two meetings were arranged, then after the change, there should be four meetings from the middle to the end of the year. This would provide the manager with an opportunity to supervise more closely whether the employee is working to achieve the new assigned goals or

E-commerce Data Privacy & Security Literature review

E-commerce Data Privacy and stack protection - Literature review ExampleIn 2001 most popular commercial meshsite, collecting data from the customers, need clearly mentioned privacy policy statements on their websites (Schuele 2005). Moreover, some websites out of these most popular commercial sites sport not published a complete privacy policy (Schuele 2005). 1.2 Emphasizing on Privacy single much shoot shows that online companies emphasize and focus more on online privacy policy rather than whatever other aspect. Even online security is considered as the second option. Moreover, the study also concluded that online customers ar more worried about their privacy rather than online threats, as they are considered to be in control. In addition, the study also demonstrated a comparison between the two decades i.e. 1999-2001 and 2005-2007 which highlighted the factors that are mentioned previously (Parayitam, Desai et al. 2008). 1.3 Focusing on Customer Demands However, study co ncluded one interesting factor i.e. the rankings and ratings of policies created for Internet continues to focus on demands of the web drug users. Moreover, consumer privacy continues to be on top in both the decades (Parayitam, Desai et al. 2008). The amplified awareness by the contributors i.e. legislators and advocates shows interest take is comparatively high. 1.4 Sugar Coating Privacy Policy Clauses It is very common for a web user seeking for a privacy policy will only able to read some pages mentioned in terms of points, applauses etc. In severalize to enhance customer experience with privacy policies, there moldiness be an interactive medium via which customer skunk get awareness. Literature related to serious import was also found, For instance, organizations construct the structure of sentences in a way that suits their legal rights. A study conducted by (Pollach 2007) shows that the structure of sentences in a privacy policy related to a typical online shopping websit e are sugarcoating data handling practices. They are foregrounding optimistic facets and at the same time back-grounding privacy incursions. 1.5 nestle From Corporate Organizations A study conducted by (Markel 2005). He concluded that corporate organizations gather personal reading from their users on four core factors stated below To provide value added services to special customers. For instance, floor of customers reflects high profile of purchasing or selling products via the site. Moreover, these websites also provide forms, in order to biography a customer so that he or she can access only members portion of the website that whitethorn include special discounts and offers. Organizations also customize website contents and design according to the type of customer, in order to modify web experience. The customization is carried out as per customers interest that is extracted from the past history of buy and selling products. Moreover, in order to buy any product from the we bsite, corporate organizations require shipping and billing information in order to sell the product to the web user. Corporate organization also trade customer information to third parties. This business activity is carried out to strengthen business relationships. The information can only be used for online marketing and advertisement purposes.

Minimum wage essay Essay Example for Free

Minimum absorb essay EssayMinimum wage has been a very controversial topic. Nowadays people just cant survive on nominal wage. Prices are wage increase but yet the pay is still the same. How do they expect us to survive on octette dollars and twenty tail fin cents?Minimum wage workers in Chicago land locations had joined others across the sylvan for a one-day strike, which was held August 29, 2013 outside the ROCK N ROLL McDonalds in the River North neighborhood, demanding their wage to be at least . 00 an hour.There was a worker there named Tyree Johnson who tell he has been working on McDonalds for a list of 21 years and still earning a total of eight dollars and twenty five cents an hour. He states Every time I would ask for a raise they would just tell me you shouldnt have joined that union, were not giving you any raise. The workers who had gathered up there said that they were tired on choosing between give the rent or paying the groceries.Another minimum wage worke r named Dejun Jackson says it takes him three jobs to raise a family. He embark ons up at 430am to soak up his pocket at 545am. He ends his first job around 1 Oclock and has to be in his plump for job around 115. He does not end his second shift until 9 or 930pm. He states he has no time to see his kids only the weekends for the same reason that he has two jobs. Between his two jobs he works a total of 70 hours a week. Within a year he makes an average of $50,000. Dejun Jackson is also in school hoping one day he would be able to work just one shift and spend more time with his family. But just by having just one job he wouldnt be able to make it through since one job helps him pay the pills and the other the live of his school.I agree that people cannot live on minimum wage since the cost of living has deceased up drastically. This has always been a conflict and will continue to be unless they raise minimum wage. The event of life we are living now days wont simply just get us through by working on minimum wage. People havethings to pay for typeface rent, food transportation, clothes, bills school etc. People that get pay minimum wage are ordinarily on government assistance which means everybody who is paying taxes are actually paying for the food stamps or any type of services that they are receiving from the government. It would be better if the companies would just pay their workers a comely amount of salary instead of other people having to pay for whatever the company is not paying them.The authors argument is very logical since it states why people cant survive on minimum wage. This makes people have two jobs just too sustain a family. People wouldnt be able to make through just by having one job, since the cost of living has gone up drastically.

Relationships with external care providers Essay Example for Free

Relationships with external vex providers EssayCultivating and nurturing relationships with outside care providers and researchers who are involved in a churchs societal programs is at large(p) to forget it rear end fall by the wayside as a busy pastor tries to juggle many balls, and it is easy to delegate these programs to willing volunteers or outside help. However, study after study has emphasized the importance of untaught involvement in brotherly programs as a factor for their success. The concourse hopes the pastor implicitly they trust his judgment and will follow his lead. A pastor who remains interested and enthusiastic about social programs, with as much active involvement as his time allows, will produce a congregation which is interested in and enthusiastic about its churchs social programs, willing to support them and hire them if they are in need. The pastor can also help ensure success of a social program administered by outsiders by helping the outsiders to understand the cultural norms, traditions and history of the church.This is particularly important in a church where there are significant mental health programs in place maintaining ties to the semiformal care system , and gaining the knowledge required to pre-screen congregants and help provide referrals to formal care services when required. consequence The Black church has developed a unique tradition of holistic care for its congregants.In an aureole of slavery, oppression, inequality and uneven or nonexistent access to formal services, the extended family and the care services provided by the church has been invaluable in preserving the physical and mental health of African-Americans. Today, this tradition continues with formalized social programs as well as informal care networks areas such as community health care, mental health, young services, and economic and literacy initiatives as well as traditional pastoral care continue to provide an inwrought resource to cong regants who are still underserved and suffer disproportionately from social ills.In order to ensure that the congregants of his church have the best chance at health and secular success as well as spiritual well-being, the pastor of the Black church must determine the best social programs to emphasize, and facilitate the executing of these programs to the best of his ability.REFERENCES Adkinson-Bradley, Carla, Johnson, Darrell, Sanders, JoAnn, Duncan, Lonnie, Holcomb- McCoy, Cheryl. Forging a Collaborative Relationship Between the Black Church and the focusing Profession. Counseling and Values 49 (January 2005)147-154. Blank, Michael, Mahmood, Marcus, Fox, Jeanne, Guterbock, Thomas.Alternative Mental Health Services The Role of the Black Church in the South. American Journal of Public Health. 92. 10 (October 2002) 1668-1672. Borg, Walter R. Educational question. New York David McKay Co. , 1963 Drake, St. Clair and Cayton, Horace. Black Metropolis A psychoanalyze of the Negro life in a Northern City. New York Hartcourt, Brace World, 1970 Ferguson, Everett. Factors leading to the selection and firmness of purpose of the New Testament Canon Debate. . in The Canon Debate. Eds. L. M. McDonald J. A. Sanders. Peabody, MA Hendrickson Publishers, 2002. Ferman, Gerald S. , and Jack Levin.Social Science Research a Handbook for Students. New York John Wiley and Sons, 1975. Isaac, Stephen. , and William B. Michael. Handbook in Research Evaluation. 2d Ed. San Diego, CA Robert R. Knapp, 1988 Lewin, Kurt, activity Research in Minority Problems, Journal of Social Issues. 2, no. 4. 1948. Markens, Susan, Fox, Sarah A. , Taub, Bonnie, Gilbert, Mary Lou. Role of Black Churches in Health Promotion Programs Lessons from the Los Angeles Mammography Promotion in Churches Program. May, 2002. 92(5)805-810. Miller, Kelly. Radicals and Conservatives and other essays on the Negro in AmericaNew YorkSchocken Books, 1968.

The Methods of Job Analysis and Job Design in the HR Function Essay Example for Free

The Methods of Job Analysis and Job Design in the HR Function Essay in that location arent many differences in job descriptions for an conflict Assistant example in my text and the trade account Representative position at chemical bond Worldwide on Monster.com. The job description for the Employment Assistant position is summarized and straight to the point. Instead of providing the companys history, the job description actually describes the position. In the Human Resources Management department, the selected individuals must perform professional HR work much(prenominal) as employee recruitment and selection, maintaining files, and other duties. In this position, you must work under general supervision as well. The Marketing Account Representative position is a little contrastive. The description for this position is mostly the history of the company such as willing to hire candidates at an entry-level position and training them into Branch Management. There are polar po sition titles between this entry-level position, and with each promotion, you will be an expert in your previous field and entry-level in another, maintaining a teacher and student mentality.One of the differences is the responsibilities between being in Human Resources Management than a Marketing Representative is that there werent any business opportunities available. The job opportunities for Marketing Representatives at Alliance Worldwide are presented immediately upon hiring. Some of the opportunities includes developing entry-level skills and gradually grow to train others. Despite of the different job descriptions of these two positions, each job includes a great deal of education, hard work and training, and the might to perform.

Epistemology Reason Essay Example for Free

Epistemology Reason EssayIs it true to say that there is no truth? The very nonion itself is contradictory, that is still a topic worth exploring. If a person were to completely when go nigh their life believing everything they ever heard or experienced to be true, they could be deceived without their own experienceledge. severalise they overheard someone talking about Sam Houston when they stated, and then Sam Houston claimed her land. Rightfully, without any former(a) companionship but their heard facts, the listener would assume Sam Houston to be a Samantha due to the possessive pronoun her. However, what the listener did not hear was the full sentence in which Eliza surrendered and then Sam Houston claimed her land. By basing their impression off of their senses of hearing, the listener was unable to acknowledge the truth behind the pronoun her. Similarly, in the case of epistemology, truth should not be simply based off of senses, or feelings, but off of soun d reasoning. However, sometimes senses jackpot be serviceable in arriving at a turn up truth. The rationalist solvent to the spatial relation of Epistemology states that all knowledge last comes through reason (Cowan/Spiegel, 52).This view claims that knowledge is proven true through deducing what is true from possible truths, as opposed to using the senses. As Descartes reasoned, truth discount be acquired if every belief is tested to be dark. Then, if it is proven that something cannot be inconclusive, it is therefore true. By taking a Biblical rationalist response to the view of Epistemology and using faith, Christians are able to acquire sound surety in their faith and view on what is true. Logic points to the rationalist response over all other views of epistemology.For example, the skeptical response states that truth is undoable and we have no knowledge. However, if this view is to be believed, then it disproves its own claim by showing that there is truth in believ ing there is no truth. Skeptics put forth absurd hypotheses that cannot be proven false, but at the same time have no way of universe shown true. For example, The Matrix, or Descartes belief in an evil genius who could potentially be controlling every aspect of life and domain have no way of proving this false.Summarily, the skeptic believes that there ultimately is no knowledge. This view mostly contradicts Christianity because the record book continually states from Genesis 35 For God knows that when you eat from it your eyes bequeath be opened, and you go away be like God, knowing good and evil to Revelation 315 I know your deeds, that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish you were either one or the other that knowledge does indeed exist. Therefore, if Christians believe in the scriptures, they also must believe that knowledge does exist.Another view that can be proven to be false is the empiricist response, which states that all knowledge arises from experience (Cowan/Spie gel, 54). This is the view is based largely off of feelings, sensations, and the experiences people learn from them. However, as exemplified in the introduction, sometimes senses fail. Anesthetics, holograms, sleep deprivation, noise recordings, candles and so some(prenominal) other factors can easily misguide senses. Proverbs 2333 states, Your eyes will see eery sights, and your mind will imagine confusing things. This verse shows that the mind doesnt always perceive what is being seen correctly. On the other hand, many people in the Bible were guided by their senses in visions, miracles, angels, and other events. Many times the Bible describes foolish people as being senseless (Psalm 926, Ecclesiastes 103, Jeremiah 521) but the senses can be swayed by the devil. 2 Timothy 226 says and that they will come to their senses and escape from the trap of the devil, who has taken them captive to do his will. So while senses can be used by God, they can also be used by the devil and ulti mately should not be the deciding factor in determining what is true. People ought to not always rely on senses, but rather they should rely on the reasoning behind the senses and testing them to be false to turn back what is ultimately true. As Galileo alleged, Where the senses fail us, reason must step in. A Biblical rationalist response is the most logical response to take while trying to understand epistemology largely because it deduces all false options and true knowledge is only acquired through seeking God.By using Descartes method of proving false beliefs false to find what is true, rational thinking deduces what is true. Proverbs 17 says The affright of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge. Christians are only able to start to be able to attain knowledge when they start to reason and grasp how wide God truly is. Only when peoples thoughts are in the correct perspective can they begin to reason properly. Through awe, Christians are able to truly contain a proper fear through respect for God, and with that in turn, truly begin to know.

Analysis of Conan Doyles work Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Conan Doyles spend a penny EssayEnglish coursework A comparative essay on 2 principal investigator Holmes storiesThe world has elect to remember Sir Arthur Conan Doyle chiefly for his creation of the fictional master detective, Sherlock Holmes. This prestigious character has been hugely commonplace for over one hundred years shown in many different ways, whether it be books, television series, time articles, and so on.Conan Doyle himself was born in Edinburgh, rather than the London organizeting that Sherlock Holmes lives and works. He actually set show up to be an oculist, however when no patients came he had plenty of time to write his stories. Around the selfsame(prenominal) time, The Strand magazine was first published, and Sherlock Holmes was printed for the first time in its pages. His stories were not long enough to be books of their own, and thrived as a regular part of their magazine.The Sherlock Holmes stories are indite in a very upper class sett ing. Watson and Holmes take cabs everywhere, and have very high class mannerisms and habits, such as leaving a calling card if the person they have visited is not there. And Holmes himself carries round a rebuke with him a rather posh acquirement thought to be that of a gentleman. They also have a resident in the home to look after them two, and take care of the household, which could of course only be afforded by those of the higher class.The fact that these stories were written in such a way is easily explained. The stories were written for the magazine, The Strand. In those times, very little people read magazines, and could afford to subscribe. Most people read newspapers, alone these magazines were aimed at the higher class, and particularly for the gentleman, because a very small number of women were expected to be able to read, and so they did not benefit from such a publication.The Speckled Band and, The Red-Headed League are both very interesting stories. The structure s of both are much the same, but that accounts for all of Conan Doyles creations in accordance to the Sherlock Holmes stories.In accordance to this structure, The Speckled Band begins with a visit to the house from someone needing Holmess help.An element include right at the beginning of the story is the deduction Holmes makes of Helen. This is extremely typical of Conan Doyle as it is a deliver he nearly always adds as each of his stories unfold. In The Speckled Band Holmes instantly deduces that she traveled early by dog cart on heavy roads to the station before travelling by train to London. The next lines describe Helen giving a violent start and staring at Holmes in bewilderment.This is also underlyingly very typical of Conan Doyle to include such a description, as it what he includes in all of his stories at this point. In direct comparison, The Red Headed League features a swift deduction of Jabez Wilson in which he concludes that the man make at some point manual labour, takes snuff, has a freemason, has been in China, and has done a considerable amount of writing recently.The line directly following on from that is set out exactly the same as in The Speckled Band and describes Jabez to Start up in his chair, with his index finger upon the paper, but his eyes upon Holmes So we can conclude from this that this is an element Conan Doyle likes to include in his stories which also fitly gives a first time reader an idea of the way Holmess mind works.Following on from that, a long monologue is heard which tells every detail of the story. This is unusual in stories written now. We can business that in real life no one tells a story in such detail, uninterrupted, and this reflects tracts of today. scarcely it is actually very typical of writings at the time.

Monopoly essay Essay Example for Free

Monopoly essay riseMonopoly is a firm that go off determine the market price of a good. In the extreme case, a monopoly is the only trafficker of a good or service. (Miller 103) Characteristics of a Monopoly. Are that there is one one seller in the market with no opposition and there ar many buyers in the market. The seller controls the prices of the goods or services and is the price maker as well. The consumers do not have perfect randomness on the goods or services. Advantages of a Monopoly.The Monopolies avoids duplications and hence wastage of resources. Enjoys economics of graduated table, due to it being the only supplier of the overlap or service in the market, makes many profits and be used for research and development to harbor their status as a monopoly. They also use price discrimination to benefit the weaker economic subdivision of society. To avoid competition, they tail afford to invest in the latest technology and machinery. Disadvantages of a Monopo ly.Monopolies have unfortunate levels of service, there is no consumer sovereignty, the consumers are charged high prices for such low quality goods, and lack of competition could lead to low quality goods, as well as out dated goods. What is required for a monopoly to earn profits in the long run? First off, any market type can see super normal profits in the short-run. What is more important is what happens in the long-run. Pure monopolies are not the only monopoly that can make profits.Natural Monopoly or a price discriminating monopoly can make profits as well. The only difference between them is why they are monopolies to begin with. Oligopolies are not monopolies, although they do tend to make above normal profits. Monopolistic competition does not give these types of profits in the long-run. Economic profit goes to zero here in the long-run because there is a lack of barriers here to prevent competition from entering (as there is with perfect competition).If a firm uses ec onomies of scale then I would be talking about a natural monopoly (or a few firms in oligopoly depending on how large or small the minimum efficient scale is). If the MES were small, economies of scale would not be an entry barrier to competition in order to achieve positive economic profits. If the MES were large, large adequacy to support one firm only, that would be the definition of a natural monopoly. In the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm adjusts plant size, or the quantity of capital, to maximize long-run profit.In addition, the entry and go away of firms into and out of a monopolistically competitive market eliminates economic profit and guarantees that each monopolistically competitive firm earns zipper more or less than a normal profit. (http//www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl? s=wpdc=dspk=monopolistic+competition, +long run+ take+analysis).Works Cited Roger LeRoy Miller. Economics Today, Sixteenth Edition. Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc. , publish ing as Addison-Wesley, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2008, 2006. http//www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl? s=wpdc=dspk=monopolistic+competition,+long-run+ issue+analysis.

On the side walk bleeding Essay Example for Free

On the side walk bleeding EssayIn General, The things that make it severe to accept a support is being able to sit and concent crop only on that halt, and genuinely reading it to the point where you know exactly what youre reading and whats going on and non forgetting what you read. To me in order to stay chalk uply glued to the prevail you are reading it has to be something in your genre of choice, stuff that you equivalent to read a lot. The things that made it difficult for me during this quarter and the books that I read was he page number in the books that I read it was almost impossible to finish the books that I had in 2 weeks. What influenced my choice in books was the type of books that I was into, I liked fictional books slightly street life familys that have had it all and in the end, End up with nothing at all. Part B Reading Rate The total of pages that I have read over the total 8 weeks that weve been in school is 1151 pages, the number of pages that I aver aged over a weekly reading rate was 143 pages. In my opinion my average weekly reading rate to me is pretty good to me knowing that my books had so many pages. I believe that my reading habits have improved over time from my first book until now.My homework of 2 hours of reading per week has grown a bit since I began reading the book I am on now , a plan of improvement is definitely needed if I want to reach the goal of 25 books before I graduate, My plan is to try harder on decision books that attract my attention. Part C Thematic ReflectionsOne theme that I pondered while reading the Coldest wintertime Ever By Sister Souljah Was Money is the route of all evil, I think that this is one of my themes because it shows that you cornerstone do a lot with money as far as making it, how you make it or get it or whether you canprove how you earned it, the family in my book had it all until they got busted for expense too much money at once.They were being followed all the time whether th ey moved or not did not matter because the police would always know where they were, The other theme that caught my attention in the book The Skin Im In By Sharon G. Flake is Dont judge a book by its cover I chose this theme because no matter what Malika did someone was always settle her. No one ever tried to get to know her they were all just mean to her turned back, bullying her. And she was the sweetest girl. Part D Set GoalsThe goals I would like to set is reading more books and not being lazy but just getting it done, with no distractions, another thing I would like to do is find more books like the books that Ive been reading.

Are Imf Loans Good Poor Countires Essay Example for Free

Are Imf Loans Good Poor Countires EssayA low sylvan with a weak government is suffering from shortages in terms of fiscal resources. Most of its people lives below poverty aims, in that location is naughty unemployment, low literacy rate, viands shortages, no clean water and cod to a combination of drought and lack of technology, no crops to export. As if it didnt take a leak enough problems, the country has debts to digest cover charge to foreign governments, investors and agencies. This is where the IMF, which Easterly calls the worlds nearly powerful creditor, steps into the picture. 1 It was primarily set up by the West in order to prevent large trade imbalances and explosive currencies. However, it shifted focus and started bailing fall go forth poor countries in financial crises. It has had success in sufficeing countries out on a short-term basis. Most of the countries that puddle gain grounded from IMF loans argon countries that need temporary assistan ce, do non set apart as emerging markets and face difficulties in attracting foreign investors and lenders. For example, the IMF successfully helped South Korea and Thailand during their financial squeezes in the 1980s2 .However, there are problems in terms of the semipermanent development of countries which rely on the IMF. Easterly begins his article by describing a meeting between the IMF and the minister of finance and economic development of Ethiopia. At the meeting, the IMF set out several conditions that the government of Ethiopia would have to satisfy in order to receive assistance and virtually importantly, pay back their loans. The problem with the conditions was that they were at times contradictory and unrealistic. For example, while stating that it supported the governments food security program, the IMF withal told the finance minister that he would have to be careful that the program did not endanger macroeconomic stability.3 How macroeconomic stability could be a chieved in a country where most(prenominal) of the people are starving is a mystery.Other conditions that the IMF vagabonds on countries include getting them to agree to financial programs which reduce government spending and inflation, limit excessive money printing, increase taxes and put in place austerity measures. Through such strict conditions, the IMF has therefore accomplished very little when it comes to promoting long-term development. The conditions have been too intrusive into government policies. Easterly argues therefore that there is an association between IMF involvement and the most extreme semipolitical event state collapse.4 This is caused by the involvement of the fund in municipal politics. By forcing governments to carry out social cuts such as reducing subsidies on basic goods, the proposed IMF measures shape riots and political and social instability.The article demonstrates that out of 8 countries that collapsed or failed, 7 had spent a high share of ti me ranging from 46 to 74 % of the decade before the collapse on IMF programs. This shows that the IMF measures are ofttimes too difficult to comply with and their ultimate success is limited. The author therefore suggests that the countries that ultimately collapsed would have likely been better off without IMF involvement.5 This is because such countries have far greater problems than the IMF can fix.However, condescension this, the IMF never turns a country down even if it fails its programs several times. The author demonstrates the example of Sierra Leone which went into civil war later participating in an IMF program and then returned into the program and failed again, this time requiring UN intervention to protect its population from genocide. He suggests therefore that the IMF should have left it alone in the first place and not intervened. Trying to help was according to Easterly, clear evidence of the Planners mentality.6However, one might ask what would observe if the IMF did not intervene in such a case? Easterlys suggestion of release the country alone would lead to the struggles of the people being ignored, genocide would occur and the country would sink into set ahead poverty. The result would be over-reliance on aid, more refugees escaping to struggling neighbouring countries and a low literacy rate which would affect prospective generations. Perhaps therefore the solution is not for the IMF to turn a blind eye to countries that fail despite decades of following IMF programs. Perhaps the solution is for it to change its strategy and program in order to tailor it to the erratic needfully of each country.Easterly mentions this as well. He states that not unaccompanied do the staff at the IMF operate a one size fits all model to all countries, their accounting relies on touch-and-go numbers as evidenced in page 22 of the article. Thus Easterly argues that it is better for a countrys balance to bounce than for it to rely on shaky statist ics by the IMF which do not reflect reality. Very little can be achieved if unrealistic goals are set for countries and if their achievements or failings are not measured accurately.Thus IMF loans do not work in the majority of cases. They may only work where a country has some form of reliable government and does not already have many loans to pay back. Getting an IMF loan in such a case is just a temporary measure and the country can pay back without great consequences. In relation to the most poor however, their problems persist so they renew their loans from one change of government to another with little or no prospect of being able to pay back.The IMF stipulates in all its agreements with countries that they need to pay it back before they pay other creditors. However, Easterly argues that by making such a condition, the IMF is actually bailing itself out.7 It ends up in a situation where it provides new loans to countries so that they can pay it back for old loans. It also dr afts the ball avow in to prevail an adjustment loan as part of the bailout package. This is to no benefit to the country which sinks deeper into the debt to the IMF and still has other loans from other investors to pay back.The IMF calls countries that are dependent on its loans prolonged users. The commentary of a prolonged user is a country which spent 7 out of a 10 year period under an IMF program. The addiction to IMF loans is evidenced by the fact that 44 countries qualify for the interpretation of prolonged user and half of IMF lending goes to such countries.8 However, repeated debts do nothing to solve the problem. In1996, the IMF and World Bank decided to forgive part of their loans to the poorest nations. These nations had accumulated loans from not only these organisations still also loans from western sandwich countries and other agencies.There was very little chance of them being able to repay the loans and the interest that had accumulated. much(prenominal) count ries were named heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs).9 17 out of 18 of the HIPCs were among the countries receiving above average amounts of IMF and World Bank loans. They had no growth of income or resources. They continued to sink into debt with interest still growing. The forgiving of the debts over a period according to Easterly, only encouraged borrowers to keep borrowing. For example Bolivia and other countries got 100 pct debt relief, but they still made no recovery.10 Another example is offered by the Argentina disaster set out in the article.Argentina was a star pupil from 1991 to 1999.11 It had gone through several IMF programs and in 1991, it achieved financial stability. After almost a decade of financial stability, the president who was faced with elections led the wave of unrestricted spending and loans from cloistered foreign investors. Financial crisis ensued and the IMF put together a rescue loan intend that included loans from the World Bank, Inter-American d evelopment Bank and Spain. In 2001 lenders demanded interest rates from Argentina that were 10 percent higher than elsewhere. The IMF continued to give loans worth several billions to support Argentina so that it could pay its private creditors. However, despite this, Argentina failed to pay any of its creditors back their full amount. Its debt reached 81 billion dollars and it eventually had to make take it or leave it offers to its creditors who had to accept not getting most of their money back.This supports the argument that loans on their own are not the solution to the poor countries problem. They need help to resolve their unique political and social problems. Putting them in debt is not going to assist them as whatever progress they make, they testament have to give the money back. Easterly concludes therefore that the world bank which is an aid agency should give countries grants not loans. And the IMF should get out of the business of bailing countries out. It has inadequ ate knowledge of what is happening at ground level and it was not designed to offer the kind of assistance that poor countries need and the long-term planning their needs require. Thus it would be better for aid agencies to continue their work at grass-root level and to contribute to long-term change.

Cultural Tasks Essay Example for Free

cultural Tasks EssayThe main idea of postmodernism is that individuals from different cultures have diversified values, beliefs, interests and perspectives, which are not the result of innate human nature, but have been formed by human history and culture. Since at a peculiar(a) time knowledge is socially constructed in different musical modes, it switch overs through time from one context to another. As a result, there is no universal truth about anything it should rather be perceived as multiple truths about different issues and concepts, which are unique and applicable for particular situations and cultures. The current chapter discusses the principles of postmodernism as commit to educational changes offered by modern one thousand schemes and programs. According to postmodernists, the best way to achieve changes is to combine collaborative and individual efforts. Though, since changes are usually unpredictable, there is no guarantee whether those efforts and actions rear lead to real advantage and progress. Moreover the perception of the progress differs among nations and cultures while one culture can consider change as positive leading to progress, the other power consider such change as negative or undesired.If to apply postmodernism ideas toward the educational programs and changes they can grow, it is possible to state that there is little guarantee that contemporary grand schemes and programs such as No Child Left Behind can bring positive change to schools and educational changes. On the contrary, the changes within the school premises are usually caused and influenced by the local context, which might include the school culture, the environment of the community the school is located and other aspects. To determine what can bring educational change might require certain research by gathering and analyzing the related information.Since self-study, fit to postmodernism, is socially constructed knowledge, it cannot be applied without the external data of multiple values and experiences. Nowadays many schools strive to implement uniformity in cloths, lectures, didactics methods, attitude to disciples, etc. From one side, it is a good way of making all students feel as they all have equal chances to learn and show their knowledge. However, consort to postmodernists, such uniformity might suppress the personality and opportunities of some more progressive students.That is why, it is very main(prenominal) to identify what should be the same in the schools and what should be different. To ensure positive and effective changes in schools it is grand to organize the combined work between school members by applying innovative and latest instruct methods in order to change teaching and learning for all the students. Change in the school teaching methods can be achieved if every teacher realizes the importance of personal professional learning, the results of which can mature the learning adjoin of the students.It is not mandatory that such learning should be professional and obtained from some learning center or university. It can start from everyday desire to learn something new and apply this new knowledge into the teaching process. Moreover, every teacher should try to understand each students way of perceiving information, recognize and respect diversity among students and apply the teaching methods, which will be the most effective for all the students in the classroom.Finally, collaborative learning stimulates dim thinking about teaching and learning while ensuring that the students are prepared to be active participants in a global world. There can be large number of different educational programs, teaching styles, and advices, but the most important thing is to realize and understand the individual nature of each student and his/her demands in the education. Friendly, trustful and respectful teachers/students relationships are the most important factor in the teaching process. works C ited Part 6 Cultural Tasks of Supervision, pp. 414-456.

Symbolic Interaction in the movie ‘None stop’ Essay Example for Free

Symbolic interaction in the depiction no(prenominal) stop EssaySymbolic Interaction in the movie N unmatchable stopIntroduction Symbolic interaction pertains to the social perspective on oneself and the society. The core idea in this is that humans live in what is known as a exemplary domain. The symbols here be objects which are culturally derived socially with shared meanings which are brought up and maintained through social interaction. Through communication, thought and words, symbols seat forward the means for reality construction. What is referred as reality is a social product that is primarily humanly consequential. Culture mind, self and society is dependent on symbolic interaction for its existence and emerges from the same. fifty-fifty the physical environment that we are living in is taken as being relevant to the leave of humans, mainly the main reason being it is all interpreted through symbols and the way it interacts with the ones who live in it. Ther e are three key pillars of symbolic interaction. These consist of, the meaning which is the construction of social reality, language which is used to bring up the meaning and thought which are used to internalize the languages to come up with a certain meaning. To manoeuver symbolic interaction, I will base my argument on the movie non stop by Bill Marks. In the Jaume Collet-Serras most recent film, Non-Stop, clearly brings out the concept of symbolic interaction in that its hero receives a chain of mysterious text messages. Here symbolic interaction portrays itself as this hero has to think, internalize and come up with the meaning of what the person in the an other(a)(prenominal) end. Liam Neeson, who plays Bill Marks is a United States Air Marshal and he brings with him baggage both literal and symbolic. While he is on a trans-Atlantic flying ending in London, he receives a text message directing that a sum of $150MM be deposited into a bank account. One thing that is put clear in this demand is, if it is non met, one passenger will die. Mark is confused on what to do as he is trying to figure out things, hence this is a clear lay down of symbolic interaction in this film. After the occurrence of one death, Mark who is helped by a flight attendant and one passenger tries to unravel this misery by trying to find who was making much(prenominal) threats. They do not demand to face more deaths and so they must know what these people want so that more deaths cannot be experienced. As mark tries to think what was the meaning of all that, he tries the evacuation method where he tries to eliminate the passengers one by one as the possible suspects. One by one, Marks attempts to eliminate each of the passengers as a possible suspect. Nevertheless, the table gradually turns on the marshal, who is guess of hijacking the plane for ransom money and not the only savior. This becomes even worse after the denudation of a bomb in the other marshals briefcase. This also is a big show of symbolic interaction as Mark is confused about want the society rely demands from him. The other show of this aspect of this movie is when one is unable to clearly tell who the villain here is as all the characters are straining to achieve two dimensions of the story. There are many suspects ranging from the suspicious brassy man with attitude complications, the middle-eastern doctor the unassuming woman insisting on window seats and the low man who wont let off his sunglasses. There are many questions crossing ones mind as trying to know who the bad guy is for sure. Mark goes through most scenes in the movie with an air suspicion concerning him. He is portrayed as a heavy drinker, not only because he is seen mixing booze with tea before entering the airport, but also his clothe of stirring it with his toothbrush. His drinking becomes ultimately how people define him and not something that defines himself. By this language that this movie producer tries to bring up the thoughts which ultimately make people to conclude marks drinking problem. This also shows an instance of symbolic interaction in this movie. Finally, an aspect of symbolic interaction is seen when it is revealed that the terrorist mastermind was trying to operate matters so that Neesons marshal appears to be the hijacker. The waving of his gun and roughing up the passengers does not seem to help. As the passengers were really ready to rise against their fake captor, Neeson offers everyone a free international travel for one year.ReferencesFriedkin, William (2014-03-02).NON-STOP is a great action suspense movie. I highly recommend it.. Retrieved 2014-03-28.Chitwood, Adam (November 8, 2012).First Synopsis for manager Jaume Collet-Serras NON-STOP Starring Liam Neeson. Collider.com. Retrieved December 11, 2012.Source document

The Chocolate Market Industry Economics Essay

The Chocolate Market Industry Economics EssayThe umber merchandise industry has been around in the UK since the 19th century. Since then, m any(prenominal) different firms score developed and established themselves in the foodstuff, resulting in a competitive grocery. Therefore, this project will focus on how the UK chocolate market body social expression has changed and evolved over the years and the causes of this. Our project will be mainly based on analysing the chocolate fellowship Cadbury and their trend in sales, along with early(a) incidentors which has caused the takeover of Cadbury by kraft Foods. From this, we will be open to determine the factors which caused the change of market shares original Cadbury has.Outline the trend in sales by the major(ip) chocolate makers in the UK over the remainder 10 years, and analyse the structure of the UK chocolate industry.Western atomic number 63 is the largest chocolate market in the world (Haymarket Network Ltd. June 2012) and Britain has the biggest confectionary market among the European Union(Barnett 2006). Moreover the UK has the s levelth highest purpose of chocolate in the world. The average Brit consumes 17.49lbs of chocolate per year (The World Atlas of Chocolate 2000).Since the last ten years the chocolate confectionary sells has grown significantly. During the dot of 2000-2005 the compound annual growth put for chocolate sales in percent was approximately 2.5% Euro. The estimated value of the sales for 2005 was 6,214m (Euromonitor International 2005).Additionally, according to Mintel UK market look for firm, the chocolate market in the country reached 3,976 billion in 2011, a 21% increase over a five-year period and 7.5% growth since 2010. As the people seem to continue purchasing chocolate, even more(prenominal) than before, this is certain premise for involving huge chocolate players in strive for bigger market share in the country.In the last ten years the chocolate market in United Kingdom was henpecked by several companies. Since 2010, when kraft paper took over Cadbury, three companies dominate the market with control over 83 percent in 2011 Nestl, Mars and Cadbury/ kraft. go steady 1. Percentage of market share in the UK chocolate industry (Trading Visions 2011)Other big companies involved in the UK market are Hershey, Thorntons, Ferrero, Lindt, Divine chocolate and others. The Mintel released table in 2012th explains more detail the changes in the market chocolate share during the last couple of years.200920102011 (est)% changem%m%m%2009-11 kraft Foods (Cadbury)1,187331,252331,297339.3Mars953271,005271,0732712.6Nestl58516606166461610.4Ferrero130412631293-0.8Thorntons6827527428.8LindtSprngli49160263228.6 contribute of the above2,972833,124833,2828310.4Others37510404114231012.8Own-label22862446271718.9Total3,5751003,7721003,97610011.2 control 2. Percentage change in market shares in the UK chocolate market, by value, 2009-11 (Mintel 2012)The fragm entation between few large companies in the chocolate confectionary industry is a sign for oligopolistic structure of the market. During last 10 years, the situation changed several times. Brand owned by Cadbury, day-after-day Milk, grew 11,7% from 374m to 418m in 2010 while Kraft brandsMilk sales increased from 8,7m to 21,3m according to Miggiano (category vice-president for chocolate in the UK). Normally an oligopoly exists when the kick the bucket five or slight firms in the market account for more than 60% of total market hire/sales (Econ 100 n.d.). Therefore it can be concluded that the situation of the market structure is certainly an oligopoly. A typical characteristic for oligopolistic competition is the big amounts spent for publicizing. The leading family Cadbury spends millions for advertising every year, for example for their advanced chocolate bar Crispello they get hold of prepared 7 million from their compute (Mail online 2012).In the UK chocolate industry o n that point are cognize to be several barriers to entry, contributing to the structure of the market. The huge capital demanded for starting business in the market is the main obstacle for new firms. Advertising and marketing could also be classed as a major barrier to entry, where concerning the oligopolistic confectionary firms. This is because some companies may have the financial power to win over consumer loyalty with their expensive branding. Therefore, the contestability of the market can be questioned as market firms with puff up- established, branded products make it rather difficult and more expensive for new firms to figure into the market successfully. However there are a lot of chocolate firms in the industry, with small get and share. An example is the Divine Chocolate company, which is well known for its fair trade policy.Explain why Kraft Foods wanted to take over Cadbury. To what extent do you think the arguments against this takeover were valid?Cadbury is kn own to be one of the largest confectionary companies in the world. The British owned company was founded in 1824 and has been in existence since. However, in February 2010, Kraft Foods Group a reputable company within their own rights took over the multi-billion pound business, which caused significant outrage. The unprecedented event meant that Cadbury did non expect other firms to bid for the company, especially when it was not for sale. However, Kraft Foods had other intentions stating that The British confectioner offers Kraft greater access to sharp growth in emerging markets as well as some of the worlds leading chocolate (Ruddick 2010). It is therefore, evident that Kraft wanted to takeover Cadbury purely for stinting gain, and to raise the companys profile and reputation amongst other respectable markets. Kraft Foods felt this was the perfect opportunity to do so and as a result, forcefully imposed a deal on Cadbury which they felt was capable enough for Cadbury to transf er/ give up their assets (company). This is also evident in this statement which mentions that Not only when was Cadbury not for sale, but it actively resisted the Kraft takeover (Moeller 2012).Additionally, recent information suggests it is also debatable whether arguments in opposition of the takeover were valid, officeicularly due to Cadburys profits increasing in recent years. Telegraph module and agencies (The Telegraph 2012)indicates that the purchase of Cadbury by Kraft allowed for Cadbury to be reinstated into the global market where consumerism remains at large. Kraft has reported strong sales and profit increases in the first full quarter since it took over Cadbury. gross revenue rose 25% to $12.3bn (7.75bn) in the three months to 30 June, and Cadbury accounted for 90% of the gains. Net profits were up 13.3% to $937m (590.1m), compared with $827m (521m) in 2009 (Barker 2010). Thus, allowing for Cadbury to expand and increase its profitability. It can therefore be said, that although some felt apprehensive towards the move of Cadburys ownership, it seems to have been for the better. With MP Steve McCabe even stating I think the investment is whats crucial to the long term future, and pointed out that Kraft had also expanded the research and development section. On the other hand, Now, nearly two years on since the hostile takeover in February 2010, the firm has announced a further 200 job cuts, the company has tending(p) no specific assurances over the future of 4,500 UK jobs (BBC 2011). Therefore, suggesting that those against the transfer of the company did undoubtedly have reasons to be concerned. An additional article even goes further to suggest Kraft already has a track destine of cutting production and moving production abroad. Theres no guarantee that theyll keep production in the UK in the long run (BBC 2010). This indicates that there were implications of giving permission to Kraft to handle the company. Yet, this venture was still interpreted instilling fear in workers who were already apprehensive of this transition. This suggests arguments against the takeover were indeed valid.Overall, it can be argued in this section that although Kraft, being a well-established company with a strong portfolio to build upon, it caused much controversy in its takeover of Cadbury. The addition of Cadbury to the firm means that Kraft is able to emerge in markets successfully that they were qualified from before. Many argued that the takeover allowed for Cadbury to develop further into global markets rather than remaining in the UK. The company became increasingly profitable and as a result, a popular one in which many are raise in investing. However, with the good comes the bad and in a situation as such, it meant that the UK staff of Cadbury were at risk of losing their jobs. This would occur if Kraft moved the Cadbury business abroad, which has partially occurred since. Kraft has produced good results for Cadbury but not without causing implications in the UK (where Cadbury originates from). It can be stated from the research evidence that the intentions behind Krafts takeover of Cadbury are kind of clear and the opposition arguments of the UK Cadbury staff and the UK government are most certainly valid as displayed end-to-end this section.On a chart show what has happened to the UK pound (sterling) against the dollar between December 2007 and September 2012 consultation Bank of EnglandUsing a picture and demand diagram, explain this change in the sterling transform rate against the US dollar.The replacement rate is the rate at which one currency trades for another on the opposed flip market. On the open market expenses of goods, commodities and value of nations currency (under a floating alternate rate) are subordinated to the control of two forces- supply and demand (Sloman360). Generally, the exchange rate is determined by the original law of the market forming an equilibrium rate ( bel l) by equating demand and supply of the currency. One of the old laws of supply and demand indicates that high supply causes low prices and high demand results in high prices. This fact implies that when there is a rich supply of a particular good then the price should radiate and vice versa. The price increases when there is a scarcity of the product. Consequently, an increase in the demand of a goodness would cause it to appreciate in value, whereas an increase in supply would cause it to depreciate (Capital Market work 2012). The change in the exchange rate of UK pound sterling to US dollar can be explained using a basic supply and demand diagram.1.jpgFigure 1Figure 1 shows a mean(prenominal) downward slopping demand curve. A decrease in the price of the pound in similitude to dollars from $2 to $1 will cause British exports in the ground forces to become much cheaper than the interior(prenominal) product. The demand for British export will rise in the USA, and in a resul t, the demand for British currency to deal these goods will increase, as the Americans will have to exchange their coin for British pounds. Thus, at lower prices (lower exchange rate) more pounds will be demanded, and vice versa. Movements up the erect axis wreak an increase in price of the pound, which is equivalent to a fall in the price of the dollar. Similarly, movements down the vertical axis represent a decrease in the price of the pound (Capital Market Services 2012).2.jpgFigure 2Figure 2 describes the supply side of the determination of the exchange rate. When UK importers wish to buy goods from USA, they will supply pounds on the foreign exchange market in order to obtain dollars. The higher the exchange rate, the more dollars they will get for their pounds (Sloman 2009360). If the price of pound in relation to dollar rises from $1.50 to $2, price of imports from the USA will fall. Assuming the price snap of demand for the American imports is greater than one, the amoun t of pounds that UK consumers will need to supply in order to obtain the dollars to buy the goods- will rise. The supply curve slopes up because British firms and consumers are willing to buy a greater quantity of American goods as the dollar becomes cheaper (i.e. they have more dollars per pound). Thus, the higher the exchange rate, the more pounds will be supplied (Sloman 2009360).3.jpgFigure 3 Based on Sloman 2008162Suppliers and consumers meet at a particular quantity and price at which they are both satisfied, known as the equilibrium price pictured by Figure 3. At any higher price there would be an excess supply of British pounds that would drive price down. A lower price would cause a shortage of pounds driving the price up. In practice, the process of reaching equilibrium is instantaneous. The foreign exchange dealers working for the banks are incessantly adjusting the rate as new customers make new demands for currencies (Sloman 2009361).4.jpgFigure 4 Based on Sloman 2008 161A change in the exchange rate is caused by any shift in the supply and demand curves. When the demand and supply curves shift from D1 and S1to D2 and S2 respectively the exchange rate will fall from $1.60 to $1.40. A decrease in the free-market exchange rate is cal direct depreciation, an increase is an appreciation.Explain the seismic disturbance of this change in the value of sterling against the US dollar on a UK chocolate manufacturer who buys cocoa beans which are priced in dollarsAppreciation of pound against dollar is most beneficial for importers, like given UK chocolate manufacturer who buys cocoa beans priced in dollars. They are advantages as they need to find fewer pounds to buy their imported goods. Depreciation of home currency makes foreign buyers disadvantages as they need to find more money to pay for their imports (tutor2u). Therefore, in this example the outperform time for foreign investments was between December 2007 and June 2008 when the pound exchange ra te was the highest.Outline the causes of the current fadeout in the UK. Using pertinent economic theory show how recession ventureed the UK economy.Economist and experts still disagree on the definition of recession. However, technically speaking, the economy of a country would slide into recession when it experiences two continual quarters of negative economic growth. This happens when the GDP would have to contract on a quarter by quarter basis for a total period of six months. GDP (gross domestic product) is the total amount of goods and services produced by a country in a given period of time.The credit crunch that began in August 2007 brought recession in Britain and other countries across the world. Soon everything worsened dramatically and turned into global financial crisis in the autumn of 2008. The recession started in America where mortgage companies got into massive debt by giving out many subprime mortgages. They then bundled this debt on to other countries such as t he UK by borrowing from abroad to finance this risky lending.The central bother of UK was Britains banks, which had invested their reserves in those bundles or effects that turned out to be unsafe, illiquid or even worthless. As UK banks began to struggle, the government allowed them to lend to each other to promote liquidity. They did not know that this would result in even more debt and tension between the banks. Consumer confidence dropped dramatically down. Along with the overvalued housing market finally failing, phthisis began to fall.The British economy was officially declared to be in a recession in January 2009, when the mathematical function for National Statistics (ONS) announced that the estimate of gross domestic product (GDP) showed a fall of 1.5 per cent in the last three months of 2008 after a 0.6 per cent drop in the previous quarter. This was the biggest quarter-on-quarter stock since 1980 and the first time the economy had been in recession since 1991. ONS figu res show that GDP fell by 2.4 per cent in the first quarter of 2009 compared with the last quarter of 2008. GDP fell by a further 0.7 per cent in the secondly quarter of 2009, leaving the level of GDP 5.5 per cent lower than in the second quarter of 2008, the largest annual fall on record (ONS 2009).It was the deepest recession since the war. The Manufacturing output was down 7% by end 2008. It has affected many sectors including banks and investment firms. Many well-known and established businesses went bankrupt. Britain has struggled to come out of the in style(p) recession, with much speculation of a double dip recession during the 2010s. Output fell by 0.5% in the 4th quarter of 2010. The unemployment rate rose to 8.1% (2.57m people) in August 2011, the highest level since 1994. As of January 2012update, after 15 quarters, GDP is still 4% down from peak at start of recession. And now end of 2012 there are also speculation of a triple dip recession.Explain the statement about c ocoa, referring to the relevant types of elasticity.Supply conditions play a big role in terming the price of chocolates. Since Cocoa is a spring up product it is subject to fast-developing changes in growing conditions. Ivory Coast is the biggest and Ghana the second biggest producer of chocolate tree therefore if any viruses, like the stunted shoot disease, or any bad survive conditions affect their harvest will have consequences on the chocolate prices. On the other side good weather conditions will boost supply and drop the prices. Unpredictability of prices is increase by the fact that chocolate demand is very inelastic. In the US, short-term elasticity of demand has been estimated at about -0.2, and is even lower in some big European consumer countries (Henri Jason 1994). When demand is inelastic, even a small shift in the supply curve can produce a big change in the market price.IEoD = (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Income)Another factor that determines the p rices of chocolate is the strong income elasticity of demand. For example in the United States, a 10% increase in income has been estimated to increase per capita chocolate consumption by 9.2% (Henri Jason 1994). Income elasticity is not lot different in other countries. The recession makes people believe they should spend less and most of the cases people do earn less money or they have recently missed their job because of the financial crisis. Therefore they have less to spend. This will affect their choice between normal goods and luxury goods. If chocolate becomes too expensive they might become luxury good for some people, at the moment it is a normal good for most people.undefinedSource tutor2uAs a part of your conclusion, assess the future of the major chocolate companies inthe UK. Do you foresee future growth, stagnation or decline?Overall, it is evident that many factors influence the chocolate market in todays world. In recent years the best market decision by various cho colate companies was offering a variety of products to the consumer market. This strategy led to big profits for the biggest players in the industry, as they could afford the expensive advertising for their products. However, the trend for chocolate purchases has not slowed down regardless of the economic situation. In fact opposite to logic, people seem to have taken advantage from chocolate products in the recession, as they have spent more time staying home during the unspoken times of the British economic stagnation. On holidays such as Easter and Christmas, purchases for some specific products has doubled, tripled or even more compared to the rest of the year. According to professional investigators of the chocolate trends, like Mintel, the future of the chocolate market in UK will face a growth in the next several years. However, as a group we believe based on the evidence from this project, that the UK chocolate industry could potentially be dominated by foreign companies, r esulting in stagnation for British chocolate companies.

Advantages of E-banking

Advant seasons of E- fixingChapter 1 IntroductionIntroductionNowa daylights, Malaysia is a multi sector economy and engineering science learning based on the presence of approximately(prenominal) technological inventions. handed-down patoising act as physical cuss and deliin truth contrast which to glide by clients to place or stick out their m iy out of the swear condom cook boxes, managing checking or current accounts, counterbalanceing cheques drawn by nodes. However, e- depositing is one of the technological inventions that give whatsiss to nodes to manage pecuniary performances on a restrain website performed by retail or practical(prenominal) bank, credit union or building society.E-banking is oerly called electronic banking which is the automated legal transfer of immature banking work and convergences directly to clients by dint of electronic, interactive communication channels. It flummoxs legion(predicate) benefits and capabilities to client comp atomic routine 18d to traditional banking. E-banking is fast and cheery flair of development estimator to easy addition to the bank in 24hours. E-banking physical exercises the net profit system as the delivery channel by which to accomplish banking activity, for example, paying summits, transferring lines, viewing checking and nest egg account balances, paying mortgages and purchasing fiscal instruments and certificates of deposits (Haque et al, 2009). network banking enable guests to access their commonplace breeding and accounts of bank products and portions finished PC or new(prenominal) intelligent r delectation exploitation web web browser softw ar on 24 hours a day and 7days a week, such as Netscape Navigator or Microsoft net profit lookr (Mohamad, Hanudin, Suddin, Noren, 2007). The development in breeding engineering form had an tremendous effect in development of much flexible defrayment methods and to a greater extent easy banking functio n in the world of banking (Serkan, Safak, Eda, 2004).thither be several(prenominal)(prenominal) features that fall into several categories of net income banking which argon actional, non-transactional, pecuniary institution administration, support of duple substance abusers having varying levels of originatority, transaction approval impact and wire transfer. In transactional, e-banking act as account and financial legal proceeding, pay reports, wire transfer and pass for loan or cutting account, investment purchase or sale and others. Electronic Bill telling and Payment (EBPP) is an electronic billing which client whoremaster pay bill and receives payment easy, hurrying, and conveniently over whatsoeverwhere and any sequences.client recognition is interpretation of sensory mind and experient by customer. The thingumajig of e-banking atomic number 18 passed customers and provided no damage charged to customers. Customers harbor started evaluate this lucre receipts and assessing the banks based on their easy to access and thingummy. With great confidence toward e-banking, customers ar voluntary uses the mesh banking to transfer fund, pay bills, and roofy to a greater extent(prenominal) with a excellent-secured system. It overly tin pee-pee the human relationship amongst trust and loyalty of customer toward e-banking. network banking in USA and EuropeThe dramatic development in internet usage has gene consecrated a member of customers with the ability and desire to conduct banking transactions alone on moving in (Mathew and George, 2003). The internet explosion in the late-1990s brings the great unwashed to a greater extent(prenominal) convenience with sundry(a) applications over the web. In the mid-1990s, customers employ internet as monetary commerce transaction over the web as the financial institutions had apply e-banking. The majority of US-based banks be escalating their investment in engineering and hedging their bets fleck question specifies that a cheering portion of the customer base whitethorn al slipway demand the type of personal interaction that raise but be provided by separate branch personnel (Alstad, 2002). TowerGroups prediction is highlighted by CRMToday on IT disbursement by biggish banks in USA, which the amounts is 24.1 one thousand cardinal in 2004 as comp ar to 22 billion in 2002.Besides that, many US banks, such as depository financial institution of America and Umpqua Bank atomic number 18 lend from hearty media channels, offering social networking, cod casting, web casts and other interactive tools. Now competitors merchant ship establish an internet bank for as atomic as $6 one thousand thousand in the USA comp bed to the appeal of setting up a traditional brick and mortar bank (estimated at among $25 and $30 million) (Nathan, 1999). CRMToday (2003a) also utter that without major consumers acceptation internet banking would not achieve as p rofitable as promise although in that posture ar change magnitude in amounts of online banking customers.According to the European Central Bank in 2002 (centeno, 2003), the level of divine run and its quality disagree according to the country and the banks even though all of import banks provide internet banking goods. Bughin, 2001 investigated that the bankers acceptance rate is examined to be averaging only 17% of internet users or less(prenominal)(prenominal) than 6% of tot up bank customers. The author also verbalize that on that point ar 60% internet customers do not fall in upshot in buying books, CDs or low think ofd circumstance through online but be antipathetic to create online banking transactions.Further more(prenominal) than than, thither are differences of internet banking acceptance also existed among almost countries in Europe. Around 18-25% of populations in Estonia are utilizing internet banking helpings whereas Italian bank had more or less no on-line customers by betimes 2000, banks in Malta initiated internet banking run in December 2002 (Centeno, 2003). Furthermore, in that location are differences of acceptation among banks within the aforementioned(prenominal) country. Bughin (2001) stated an example, a haveing banks in France have airing rate over 11% eyepatch minor bank such as the credit commercial message de France have translated only 2% of its customers to online for the like period.Internet banking in TurkeyIn Turkey, there are over 18% of banking customers using e-banking actively (Jamaluddin, Osman, Sukru and Kemal, 2008). Since 1997 internet banking has been recognized as a feasible alternate(a) distribution channel by Turkish commercial banks due to the deregulation in the financial sector, escalation of computer literacy, the rapid diffusion of electronic commerce, unwavering commitments to reduce operating salutes, changing customer demands for innovative financial products and ope rates and create customer convenience (Hakan, 2008). Due to the low cost of attracting customer to put on internet banking and retaining existing innovation-demanding customers during the past two decades, rough of Turkish commercial banks found it irresistible to invest large amounts in online banking although the customer take up of internet banking appeared to be very slow.In appurtenance, the actual fleck of utilizing e-banking users appeared to be amidst 1 and 1.2 million (30%) in 2003 although 2million hoi polloi (50%) were forecasted to employ e-banking by 2003 (Akinci, 2004 Celik, 2002 Ozkan, 2003). Furthermore, in bomb calorimeter the numbers of active internet banking accounts are escalating from 150,000 in 2000 to 5.5 million in 2007 and grew annually by 68 percent (Higgs, 2000). In comparison, although this illustrates that internet banking has experienced strengthened and sustained process since its inception, Turkey has a demoralise internet banking penetra tion rate than that of many European countries. The enquiry on internet banking by single(a) customers in the country has been required to switch better customers guessing of how their feature beliefs or motives affect their utilization of the services.Internet Banking In AustraliaInternet banking growth go on rapidly in Australia with a 26 % profit in the internet banking customer population to 5.5 million users (approximately 34% of the adult population) going on over the 12 months to May 2005 (ACNielsen, 2005). The report stated there are over 7.2 million consumers accessed 27 millions accounts in 2003 which is an increase of 31% compared to 16.2% in 2002 (MISC, 2004). The report showed that users are more efficient in utilizing Internet banking services and transacting more amounts utilizing fewer sessions.Furthermore, internet banking services are progressively attracted among users women and 50+ years age concourse is the highest growing in all kinsfolk. in that re spect are 54% of Australian adults were utilizing telephone banking and an estimated 25% of employed internet banking after a period of strong electronic banking market development between 1997 and 2002. Small and fair banks in USA provide more user-friendly services than larger banks and achieved well in the neighborhood of personal internet banking, and website reliability and transactional capabilities age larger banks in Australia offer more variety services than smaller banks. Nevertheless, small and medium coat banks in Australia have found to provide more user-friendly services than larger banks and are no-hit in offering personal banking services.Internet Banking In MalaysiaSince achieving independence in the 1957 banking activities in Malaysia has changed enormously with appearances of untried technology application. In the 1980, the first automatise teller Machines ( specie dispensers) was introduced which was be the intimately visible piece of turn up of the em erging electronic banking in Malaysia. ATM is a computerized telecommunications device that used for transfer funds between checking, balance enquiry, cash withdrawal, obstetrical deliverys and credit card accounts, bill payments, making cash and check deposits and making payments to application for initial public offerings in Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. This technology brought the revolution were longer banking hours which unlimited beyond office hours (BNM Annual Reports, 1985-1997).Apart from this, the next changes in this evolutionary process go out be the telebanking and PC-banking in the 1990s. In the early 1990 telebanking was introduced in Malaysia as delivery channel for branch financial services via telecommunications devices committed to an automated system of the bank where customers endure perform retail banking transactions through using Automated Voice Response (AVR) technology. The functions of telebanking are almost similar to the ATM services except withdrawal and deposit of cash. Telebanking brings convenience, extended access and signifi laughingstockt time sparing to the customers. The want of cash withdrawal function in telebanking leads to the poor customer response to telebanking.In the 1990s, ten local anesthetic commercial banks are offering PC-banking or home banking services. PC-banking is an online banking device which customer can utilize their computers in anywhere anytime for account transactions by subscribing and controling into the banks intranet proprietary software system. PC-banking can raise speed, decrease cost and enhance flexibility of profession transactions which is more suitable among corporate customers. In the half of 1990, the number of customer that utilizes this service lock up small. This is because they face some jobs, such as risk in transacting on the internet, deprivation of trust and loyalty of customer and poor of product and service quality.In this table indicates that relative frequency of familiarity and usage of using ATM is the highest and PC-banking is the concluding percentage. ATM can attracted all of banking customer to use this service because it really brings convenience to the customer since it can save time, reduce obstruction, and enhance flexibility of business transaction to customers. There are 80% that not using telebanking because this service cant provide any cash withdrawal function. However, PC-banking also faced lack of attraction from banking customers due to the new banking service that introduced to this country, which most of customer still unable to accept this new internet service. When customer utilize PC-banking, they may face some riddles, such as risk in transacting on the internet, lack of trust and loyalty of customer and product and service quality.Furthermore, e-banking in Malaysia is become increasingly popular on developments in information technology and telecommunications. In Malaysia internet banking service (IBS) was estab lished in six years ago (The Star, 2005). IBS is a convenience and new physical banking service which is to attain more potential customers as it allows bankers to deliver banking services to a wider segment of customers through electronic and interactive communication channels (Goi, 2005), with 12 domestic banks offering IBS to 4.5million subscribers currently (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2007). So surprisingly internet banking has become one of the popular services with 51 percent out of 8,000 of nub respondents once a month.In the beginning, there are 5 Malaysia banks have invested millions of ringgit in online banking but these banks are still functioning as dial up intranet facilities. The online service is still unavailable for customers because of the insufficiency of statutory framework and security concerns. The investment may be wasted due to the deficiency of pregnant business understanding to support customer adoption if a bank introduces Internet Banking Services without a drop off understanding of factors influencing customer adoption (Goi, 2005 Pires and Aisbett, 2002).In table 1 it illustrates the demographic characteristics of the internet bank users and the non-internet bank users among the sample respondents was analyzed. Mean monthly income is the only significant difference appears which it assumed that the internet bank user monthly income is super than non-internet bank user. It also shows that there is no significant difference between the destine age of the internet bank users and the non-internet bank users. These two groups are equal in percentage of graduates and undergraduates in which both of the groups are nearly virtually 85%.Background of pick upThe designing of this research is to place and evaluate the consumers perception toward e-banking. Consumer perception is important to bankers because of that banker can only understand and shape what customer truly wants to and how e-banking service shall satisfy them. There are some unsettleds volition be discussed which are affect the growth of e-banking in Malaysia. From the customers perspective, internet banking assists a convenient and effective approach to control personal finances without visit the bank and from any locations, as it is fond 24 hours a day and 365 days in a year (Rotchanakitumunai and Speece, 2003). by this report we go outing discuss slightly different countries have different customers perception about e-banking. This research also studies whether service or service quality impart influences the trust and leaveingness of customer for using e-banking.Besides that, we also explore the factors which are taken to assess customer perception toward various application of internet banking. The factors that go forth be assessed are convenience of account transaction, flexibility, reliability, save time and cost. Internet banking is convenient, no geographical barriers, low cost and isnt bound by operational timings (IAMAIs, 2006 ). to a greater extent than 50% of total respondents agreed that e-banking is convenient and flexible ways of banking and it also have a variety of transaction colligate advantages (Divya and Padhmanabhan, 2008). The purposes of internet banking consist of customer convenience through personalized service, cost containment through decline in operating cost, revenue expansion through reveal quality and additional non-financial services, and performance enhancement by making the service from any location (Bradley Stewart, 2002 Chau Lai, 2003 Frust et al., 2000 Suganthi Balachandran, 2001). How saving of cost and time affect the perception of customer toward e-banking are also analyzed. So this research main purpose is to examine the variables of the actual perception of customer toward e-banking.Problem narrativeThis research explores and examines some topics which are important elements that help in consumers perception toward e-banking. Banker should understand the need of cus tomer so that they can improve the deficient of the services. Banker should find out the way to attract more customers to utilize their services.In line with global trends, most customers are not localiseing on this internet application. So, we need to shape this problem regarding the importance of the e-banking among customer in the local area. Customer should translate to use internet banking which can bring conveniences without going to the bank. and so customers will obtain savorment with the system when it provides them maximum convenience era bank transaction is occurred. The convenience of internet banking is contributing to changing patterns in cash withdrawal and day to day money management and assisting people gain greater control of their finances (Beer, 2006).On the other hand, there are few factors that lead to this problem occurrence. Firstly, not many people start to use e-banking because they still not trust on the system through internet. They will worry and always have a doubt about whether their money is safe. In addition there are few cases of shammer have been reported in online banking. The hacker wills forgery information by entering person information without the owner knowing and takes out his/her money.Secondly, there are lacks of social contact because internet banking dont have any assistance will be served to customer. It will create obstruction to the customer since in the bank there will be banker which will helps and assists customer needs. They will easily give up since there are many lack of skill problems occurred when utilizing the systems. Besides that, it is difficult to do survey since there are a lot of public are faced terminal point of time, because it may take times to explicate to the public. interrogation objectiveTo identify what influence consumers perception toward e-bankingTo determine the factors that affecting consumer perception toward e-bankingTo find out how service quality influences internet b anking userTo identify the close why customer use internet bankingTo solve the problem customer face toward internet bankingTo increase the knowledge of customer toward internet bankingTo improve the insufficient of the internet banking servicesTo enhance the loyalty and trust between consumer and e-bankingSignificance of registerThis research is contributed to give customers to better understand about e-banking. There are many features and characteristics of the e-banking that many people still no realize about it. Through this research, we will interview a numeral of people and will explain about internet banking to give consumer to better understand the services that already provided to help them to ease their life. For example, CIMB offers CIMB Bank AirAsia Savers Account, a paperless account which customer will directly enjoy the convenience of viewing their account dictation online without require a passbook (AirAsia Berhad, 2007-2010). Such a not bad(predicate) service p rovided by bank, customer practise know about it if they no utilize internet banking.This nurture has unite varieties of factors from past research to study consumers perception toward e-banking. Both practitioners and academics can obtain the advantages by to better understand the consumers perception in the value of internet banking services. Furthermore, they can also identify the deficiency of the service in e-banking through this research so that the service would be improved to match customers requirement. Hence, customer can properly understand and adapt the problem that they face as necessary.In Malaysia, Maybank has become the first bank to introduce internet banking services (Maybank2u.com) and an combined web-based cash management portal on June 1, 2000. The online banking services will allow customer to perform bill payment, banking enquiry functions, funds transfer, credit card payment and accounts summary as well as transaction history (Suganthi, Balachandher and Bal achandran, 2001). However, the influence of consumers acceptance e-banking in Malaysia seems more contend because of the deficiency of information and academic in e-banking. orbital cavity of studyThe scope of study is only distill about consumer area and perception toward e-banking. In this study, the research will be focus on MMU student, CIMB banking users and businessman that will regularly using banking service. The reason that we choose MMU student is because MMU student will often using online banking systems to pay tuition fees, transfer fund to their friends, check for their transaction account anywhere anytime. Apart from this they can teach their parent to use these services since it is very convenience and saving time, especially to those parent that very busy with their work. Besides that, we also focus on CIMB bank users which they can provide some information through interviews or questionnaires. Then, we will determine how depth the respondents understand about in ternet banking and what their comment regarding e-banking. Through this research we will resolve the incompetent and insufficient of service of internet banking.In addition to this, for positive(predicate) business man they want to utilize some social function that very fast, time-saving, and can assist to their business. They can conduct most of their business on the internet and take form transactions between their businesses without going to the bank. It can guarantee service quality for users conducting business transactions while utilizing IT applications and infrastructure. Through this research we can ask for some proposal or any dissatisfied regarding internet banking from different view of business man, CIMB bank users and MMU student.Limitation of the studyThe extension of this study include there are large amounts of people still dont have the internet connection in their home and some dont know how to use e-banking services which will precede in lack of internet ban king users. There is a need for public knowledge to deal with computers and browsers since there are a lot of public still unable to use the internet applications. Besides that, it will lead to the difficulty of development of e-banking in the country. Customer may prefer visiting the bank branch because there are lacks of social contact regarding e-banking will creates difficulty to the customer since in the bank there will be banker which will helps and assists customer needs. Then it may take some time to learn and trance to use to internet banking, as it requires a lot of procedures. If banks server down, customer may not access to the website.Secondly, the limitation that I faced is the difficulty of communication with the respondents when interviewing and collecting selective information for my research. Some of the people will resist for doing the research survey because they fantasy I wanted to promote or sell something. The thing that I frequently faced is impact people who reject to answer any question out front I start to talk about my research purpose.Organization of researchIn chapter 1, the main statute title is introduction which is a beginning subdivision that states the internet banking among difference countries. Background of study explaining what about of a particular topic is placed. Problem statement is focus on the attention of the problem solving team. query objective is writing about the purpose of this research. In significant of study, I will shift from the particular to the general, and present the importance of the study from grade beneficiaries to the people in the community, to the people in the region and nation. Scope of study is focus on the coverage of areas in this research such as student and businessman. The limitation of study is about the restriction that I facing during doing this research.In addition, Chapter 2 is literature checks. In this chapter reviews and introduces the preceding journals related age, i ncome, education, sexual practice, convenience, perceived ease of use, reliability, saving time and cost, service or service quality and trust. I will focus on how these free-living variables influence consumers adoption of internet banking. There will be an overview of some journals about consumers adoption toward e-banking will be presented which will used to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables.In Chapter 3 it is about research methodology that including theoretical framework, hypothesis of study, data collection and data analysis. In theoretical framework, I will suggest the integrative interrelationships among important variables in the research which is includes age, income, education, gender, convenience, perceived ease of use, reliability, saving time and cost, service or service quality and trust. There are four method are used in data analysis, which are frequency distribution, Pearsons coefficient of correlation coefficient, cross tabul ation and descriptive analysis.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewIntroductionIn this chapter 2, I review many journals about this topic in the various area of e-banking. In the 2.2 those journals are study about demographic affects the consumers adoption toward e-banking. In the 2.3, those journals are look into the factors that influence the consumers adoption toward e-banking. In the 2.4, those journals are investigating about the service or service quality which will influence consumers adoption. In the 2.5, those journals are investigating about influence of trust toward consumers adoption.demographicAccording to Kim,Widdows and Yilmazer (2005), age were influencing the attitude of consumers towards internet banking and their ability for training how to do investment. The younger age groups of consumers are more liable(predicate) to invest the time to learn to utilize internet banking because this group of consumers can translate more advantages through time saving. Besides that, high income of consumers will have high value of time than consumers with debase income, so higher(prenominal)(prenominal) income of the consumer can generate more advantages through adoption of internet banking. More better consumers may involve fewer training in response to technological change if their general skills facilitate them to be taught the new technology (Bartel and Sicherman, 1998). They also indicated that adoption internet banking of well educated individuals is faster than less educated individuals due to the internet banking, new technology, and warrantees decline of the time required for money transactions.In Padachi, Rojid and Seetanah (2007) report examined that the younger generation the more they like to utilize the new technological advancements as they are more prefer to adopt e-banking compared to the sr. generation. Mean age of internet banking users is 45 and 47 for non-internet banking users. Furthermore, the higher of education and income ladder w ill lead to the greater the prospect of customer adopting internet banking. There are 57% of respondent having an education level in the category post graduate and 33% in the category of undergraduate utilizes the service. There are 48% of people using the internet banking that have the income group of Rs 30000 to 49000, which means the higher income earners are more sensible in utilizing internet.In the Jane, Jeanne and Marianne (2004) report explores the discoveries of demographic correlates of technology acceptance have constructed varying results with respect to important relationships to adoption. man force and women show to have dissimilar acceptance rates of specific computer technologies which men will more prefer on adopting technologies application(Gefen and Straub, 1997), but gender appear not to be found to have a direct on adoption of technology in general (Taylor and Todd, 1995 Gefen and Straub, 1997). The research show that the probability of higher income household s ($75000 or more) being current users of ABP was 15 points higher than low income households (under $25000) and was more likely to adopt e-banking. However, research examined younger persons are being more likely to adopt which has also linked age and adoption of technologies (Zeithaml and Gilly, 1987 Trocchia and Janda, 2000 Karjaluoto, 2002 Lee, 2002). The research shows that the age of 65 of respondents were less likely to adopt phone banking and PC banking compared to medium and youngest group. pot with marital status are more likely to adopt than single viriles or females because when it comes to bank accounts, married couples may have jointly held accounts. In region variable households living in the northeast were more likely than in the midwest to have adopted or to intend to adopt phone banking or ABP.In the Demographic characteristics of Western Australian users of electronic banking journal published by Catherine, Simone and Katherine (2005) explored that most online banking customers were male while the majority of telephone banking customers were females. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2001 stated that consumers of Western Australia, who are between 18 and 24 years of age, employed, male, have higher levels of education, and higher incomes have been examined to be more likely to use information technology that those are older, unemployed, lower incomes and have lower levels of education. The authors also examined 58.4% of the internet banking users are being in professional, administrative, managerial or para-professional occupations. This is because males in these occupations often utilize technologies such as computers and the internet in the workplace, providing them access to the required hardware and mayhap encouraging a preference for online interaction with providers. Filoto, Tanzi and Saita (1997) Jayawardhena and Foley (2000) Thornton and White (2001) Pereira (2002) have found these customers may be on higher incomes due to th eir more educated and/or highly skilled and therefore they are in occupations that need them to be more practiced at using technology-based service delivery modes. Mitchell (1998) and Tan (1999) stated that education may not be an important survey for EFTPOS users because transactions are usually performed in retail settings and they involve retail personnel who assist the utmost of transactions for consumers. Jayawardhena and Foley (2000), Orenstein (1998) and Thornton and White (2001) argued that online banking consumers are more likely to have higher than average education and they may frequently be students because of their higher delineation to technologies such as internet and computer. Councils on the Ageing (2002) stated that in some studies have recommended that older consumers may be discouraged from the utilization of electronic banking by issues such as limitation of mobility and visibility.In Jun Wu, 2005 report examined that the products and services people purchase varies during the different stages of their lives. The result of demographic age profile in this research shows that the 21 to 29 age group is dominant. Furthermore, consumers that more educated will have more money available to spend because of better education, and this influences their life-styles. Wilkie (1990) stated that it will influences which type of products they purchase, what kind of stores to purchase them in, and what prices they are willing to pay as people achieve higher education. Customers with better educated be likely to have better paying occupations than not well educated customers (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000) because a persons level of education can affect strongly on their ability to create income and their consumer consumption potential. Polatoglu and Ekin (2001) explored that high levels of education improve a consumers ability to process more complicated information and make decisions. Income is a famous demographic variable for segmenting markets due to the income levels affect consumer wants and determines their purchasing power (Lamb, 2000). Purchasing power is influenced by inflation, recession, the international valuAdvantages of E-bankingAdvantages of E-bankingChapter 1 IntroductionIntroductionNowadays, Malaysia is a multi sector economy and technology development based on the presence of many technological inventions. Traditional banking act as physical bank and delivery channel which to give customers to place or get their money out of the bank safety deposit boxes, managing checking or current accounts, paying cheques drawn by customers. However, e-banking is one of the technological inventions that give conveniences to customers to manage financial transactions on a secure website performed by retail or virtual bank, credit union or building society.E-banking is also called electronic banking which is the automated delivery of new banking services and products directly to customers through electronic, interactive communica tion channels. It brings many benefits and capabilities to customer compared to traditional banking. E-banking is fast and convenient way of using computer to easy access to the bank in 24hours. E-banking utilizes the internet system as the delivery channel by which to accomplish banking activity, for example, paying bills, transferring funds, viewing checking and savings account balances, paying mortgages and purchasing financial instruments and certificates of deposits (Haque et al, 2009).Internet banking enable customers to access their general information and accounts of bank products and services through PC or other intelligent device using web browser software on 24 hours a day and 7days a week, such as Netscape Navigator or Microsoft internet explorer (Mohamad, Hanudin, Suddin, Noren, 2007). The development in information technology have had an tremendous effect in development of more flexible payment methods and more user-friendly banking services in the world of banking (Se rkan, Safak, Eda, 2004).There are some features that fall into several categories of internet banking which are transactional, non-transactional, financial institution administration, support of multiple users having varying levels of authority, transaction approval process and wire transfer. In transactional, e-banking act as account and financial transactions, pay bills, wire transfer and apply for loan or new account, investment purchase or sale and others. Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment (EBPP) is an electronic billing which customer can pay bill and receives payment easily, faster, and conveniently over anywhere and any times.Customer perception is interpretation of sensory mind and experienced by customer. The convenience of e-banking are attracted customers and provided no cost charged to customers. Customers have started accepting this internet service and assessing the banks based on their easy to access and convenience. With great confidence toward e-banking, custo mers are willing uses the internet banking to transfer fund, pay bills, and lot more with a excellent-secured system. It also can establish the relationship between trust and loyalty of customer toward e-banking.Internet banking in USA and EuropeThe dramatic growth in internet usage has generated a segment of customers with the ability and desire to conduct banking transactions completely online (Mathew and George, 2003). The internet explosion in the late-1990s brings people more convenience with various applications over the web. In the mid-1990s, customers using internet as monetary business transaction over the web as the financial institutions had implemented e-banking. The majority of US-based banks are escalating their investment in technology and hedging their bets while research specifies that a substantial portion of the customer base may always demand the type of personal interaction that can only be provided by individual branch personnel (Alstad, 2002). TowerGroups pred iction is highlighted by CRMToday on IT spending by large banks in USA, which the amounts is 24.1 billion in 2004 as compare to 22 billion in 2002.Besides that, many US banks, such as Bank of America and Umpqua Bank are lending from social media channels, offering social networking, pod casting, web casts and other interactive tools. Now competitors can establish an internet bank for as little as $6 million in the USA compared to the cost of setting up a traditional brick and mortar bank (estimated at between $25 and $30 million) (Nathan, 1999). CRMToday (2003a) also stated that without major consumers adoption internet banking would not achieve as profitable as promise although there are increasing in amounts of online banking customers.According to the European Central Bank in 2002 (centeno, 2003), the level of services and its quality differ according to the country and the banks even though all main banks provide internet banking services. Bughin, 2001 investigated that the adop tion rate is examined to be averaging only 17% of internet users or less than 6% of total bank customers. The author also stated that there are 60% internet customers do not have subject in buying books, CDs or low valued item through online but are reluctant to create online banking transactions.Furthermore, there are differences of internet banking adoption also existed among some countries in Europe. Around 18-25% of populations in Estonia are utilizing internet banking services whereas Italian bank had about no on-line customers by early 2000, banks in Malta initiated internet banking services in December 2002 (Centeno, 2003). Furthermore, there are differences of adoption among banks within the same country. Bughin (2001) stated an example, a leading banks in France have diffusion rate over 11% while minor bank such as the credit commercial de France have translated only 2% of its customers to online for the same period.Internet banking in TurkeyIn Turkey, there are over 18% of banking customers using e-banking actively (Jamaluddin, Osman, Sukru and Kemal, 2008). Since 1997 internet banking has been recognized as a feasible alternative distribution channel by Turkish commercial banks due to the deregulation in the financial sector, escalation of computer literacy, the rapid diffusion of electronic commerce, strong commitments to reduce operating costs, changing customer demands for innovative financial products and services and create customer convenience (Hakan, 2008). Due to the low cost of attracting customer to utilize internet banking and retaining existing innovation-demanding customers during the past two decades, most of Turkish commercial banks found it irresistible to invest large amounts in online banking although the customer take up of internet banking appeared to be very slow.In addition, the actual number of utilizing e-banking users appeared to be between 1 and 1.2 million (30%) in 2003 although 2million people (50%) were forecasted to uti lize e-banking by 2003 (Akinci, 2004 Celik, 2002 Ozkan, 2003). Furthermore, in turkey the numbers of active internet banking accounts are escalating from 150,000 in 2000 to 5.5 million in 2007 and grew annually by 68 percent (Higgs, 2000). In comparison, although this illustrates that internet banking has experienced strong and sustained growth since its inception, Turkey has a lower internet banking penetration rate than that of many European countries. The research on internet banking by individual customers in the country has been required to improve customers understanding of how their particular beliefs or motives affect their utilization of the services.Internet Banking In AustraliaInternet banking growth continued rapidly in Australia with a 26 % increase in the internet banking customer population to 5.5 million users (approximately 34% of the adult population) going on over the 12 months to May 2005 (ACNielsen, 2005). The report stated there are over 7.2 million consumers a ccessed 27 millions accounts in 2003 which is an increase of 31% compared to 16.2% in 2002 (MISC, 2004). The report showed that users are more efficient in utilizing Internet banking services and transacting more amounts utilizing fewer sessions.Furthermore, internet banking services are increasingly attracted among users women and 50+ years age group is the highest growing in all category. There are 54% of Australian adults were utilizing telephone banking and an estimated 25% of employed internet banking after a period of strong electronic banking market development between 1997 and 2002. Small and medium banks in USA provide more user-friendly services than larger banks and achieved well in the area of personal internet banking, and website reliability and transactional capabilities while larger banks in Australia offer more variety services than smaller banks. Nevertheless, small and medium sized banks in Australia have found to provide more user-friendly services than larger ba nks and are successful in offering personal banking services.Internet Banking In MalaysiaSince achieving independence in the 1957 banking activities in Malaysia has changed enormously with appearances of new technology application. In the 1980, the first Automated teller Machines (ATMs) was introduced which was be the most visible piece of evidence of the emerging electronic banking in Malaysia. ATM is a computerized telecommunications device that used for transfer funds between checking, balance enquiry, cash withdrawal, savings and credit card accounts, bill payments, making cash and check deposits and making payments to application for initial public offerings in Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. This technology brought the revolution were longer banking hours which unlimited beyond office hours (BNM Annual Reports, 1985-1997).Apart from this, the next changes in this evolutionary process will be the telebanking and PC-banking in the 1990s. In the early 1990 telebanking was introduced in Malaysia as delivery channel for branch financial services via telecommunications devices connected to an automated system of the bank where customers can perform retail banking transactions through using Automated Voice Response (AVR) technology. The functions of telebanking are almost similar to the ATM services except withdrawal and deposit of cash. Telebanking brings convenience, extended access and significant time saving to the customers. The insufficiency of cash withdrawal function in telebanking leads to the poor customer response to telebanking.In the 1990s, ten local commercial banks are offering PC-banking or home banking services. PC-banking is an online banking device which customer can utilize their computers in anywhere anytime for account transactions by subscribing and dialing into the banks intranet proprietary software system. PC-banking can raise speed, decrease cost and enhance flexibility of business transactions which is more suitable among corporate cust omers. In the half of 1990, the number of customer that utilizes this service still small. This is because they faced some problems, such as risk in transacting on the internet, lack of trust and loyalty of customer and poor of product and service quality.In this table indicates that frequency of familiarity and usage of using ATM is the highest and PC-banking is the lowest percentage. ATM can attracted all of banking customer to use this service because it really brings convenience to the customer since it can save time, reduce difficulty, and enhance flexibility of business transaction to customers. There are 80% that not using telebanking because this service cant provide any cash withdrawal function. However, PC-banking also faced lack of attraction from banking customers due to the new banking service that introduced to this country, which most of customer still unable to accept this new internet service. When customer utilize PC-banking, they may face some problems, such as ri sk in transacting on the internet, lack of trust and loyalty of customer and product and service quality.Furthermore, e-banking in Malaysia is become increasingly popular on developments in information technology and telecommunications. In Malaysia internet banking service (IBS) was established in six years ago (The Star, 2005). IBS is a convenience and new physical banking service which is to attain more potential customers as it allows bankers to deliver banking services to a wider segment of customers through electronic and interactive communication channels (Goi, 2005), with 12 domestic banks offering IBS to 4.5million subscribers currently (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2007). So surprisingly internet banking has become one of the popular services with 51 percent out of 8,000 of total respondents once a month.In the beginning, there are 5 Malaysia banks have invested millions of ringgit in online banking but these banks are still functioning as dial up intranet facilities. The online s ervice is still unavailable for customers because of the insufficiency of legal framework and security concerns. The investment may be wasted due to the deficiency of important business understanding to support customer adoption if a bank introduces Internet Banking Services without a clear understanding of factors influencing customer adoption (Goi, 2005 Pires and Aisbett, 2002).In table 1 it illustrates the demographic characteristics of the internet bank users and the non-internet bank users among the sample respondents was analyzed. Mean monthly income is the only significant difference appears which it assumed that the internet bank user monthly income is highly than non-internet bank user. It also shows that there is no significant difference between the mean age of the internet bank users and the non-internet bank users. These two groups are equal in percentage of graduates and undergraduates in which both of the groups are nearly about 85%.Background of studyThe purpose of t his research is to identify and evaluate the consumers perception toward e-banking. Consumer perception is important to bankers because of that banker can only understand and determine what customer actually wants to and how e-banking service shall satisfy them. There are some variables will be discussed which are affecting the growth of e-banking in Malaysia. From the customers perspective, internet banking assists a convenient and effective approach to control personal finances without visiting the bank and from any locations, as it is accessible 24 hours a day and 365 days in a year (Rotchanakitumunai and Speece, 2003). Through this report we will discuss about different countries have different customers perception about e-banking. This research also studies whether service or service quality will influences the trust and willingness of customer for using e-banking.Besides that, we also explore the factors which are taken to assess customer perception toward various application of internet banking. The factors that will be assessed are convenience of account transaction, flexibility, reliability, save time and cost. Internet banking is convenient, no geographical barriers, low cost and isnt bound by operational timings (IAMAIs, 2006). More than 50% of total respondents agreed that e-banking is convenient and flexible ways of banking and it also have a variety of transaction related advantages (Divya and Padhmanabhan, 2008). The purposes of internet banking consist of customer convenience through personalized service, cost containment through decline in operating cost, revenue expansion through better quality and additional non-financial services, and performance enhancement by making the service from any location (Bradley Stewart, 2002 Chau Lai, 2003 Frust et al., 2000 Suganthi Balachandran, 2001). How saving of cost and time affect the perception of customer toward e-banking are also analyzed. So this research main purpose is to examine the variables o f the actual perception of customer toward e-banking.Problem statementThis research explores and examines some topics which are important elements that help in consumers perception toward e-banking. Banker should understand the need of customer so that they can improve the insufficient of the services. Banker should find out the way to attract more customers to utilize their services.In line with global trends, most customers are not focusing on this internet application. So, we need to solve this problem regarding the importance of the e-banking among customer in the local area. Customer should learn to use internet banking which can bring conveniences without going to the bank. Then customers will obtain satisfaction with the system when it provides them maximum convenience while bank transaction is occurred. The convenience of internet banking is contributing to changing patterns in cash withdrawal and day to day money management and assisting people gain greater control of their finances (Beer, 2006).On the other hand, there are few factors that lead to this problem occurrence. Firstly, not many people start to use e-banking because they still not trust on the system through internet. They will worry and always have a doubt about whether their money is safe. In addition there are few cases of fraud have been reported in online banking. The hacker wills forgery information by entering person information without the owner knowing and takes out his/her money.Secondly, there are lacks of social contact because internet banking dont have any assistance will be served to customer. It will create difficulty to the customer since in the bank there will be banker which will helps and assists customer needs. They will easily give up since there are many lack of skill problems occurred when utilizing the systems. Besides that, it is difficult to do survey since there are a lot of public are faced limitation of time, because it may take times to explain to the public. Research objectiveTo identify what influence consumers perception toward e-bankingTo determine the factors that affecting consumer perception toward e-bankingTo find out how service quality influences internet banking userTo identify the reason why customer use internet bankingTo solve the problem customer face toward internet bankingTo increase the knowledge of customer toward internet bankingTo improve the insufficient of the internet banking servicesTo enhance the loyalty and trust between consumer and e-bankingSignificance of studyThis research is contributed to give customers to better understand about e-banking. There are many features and characteristics of the e-banking that many people still no realize about it. Through this research, we will interview a numeral of people and will explain about internet banking to give consumer to better understand the services that already provided to help them to ease their life. For example, CIMB offers CIMB Bank AirAsia Savers Account, a paperless account which customer will directly enjoy the convenience of viewing their account statement online without require a passbook (AirAsia Berhad, 2007-2010). Such a good service provided by bank, customer wont know about it if they no utilize internet banking.This study has combined varieties of factors from past research to study consumers perception toward e-banking. Both practitioners and academics can obtain the advantages by to better understand the consumers perception in the value of internet banking services. Furthermore, they can also identify the deficiency of the service in e-banking through this research so that the service would be improved to match customers requirement. Hence, customer can properly understand and adapt the problem that they face as necessary.In Malaysia, Maybank has become the first bank to introduce internet banking services (Maybank2u.com) and an combined web-based cash management portal on June 1, 2000. The online banking services will a llow customer to perform bill payment, banking enquiry functions, funds transfer, credit card payment and accounts summary as well as transaction history (Suganthi, Balachandher and Balachandran, 2001). However, the influence of consumers acceptance e-banking in Malaysia seems more challenging because of the deficiency of information and academic in e-banking.Scope of studyThe scope of study is only concentrate about consumer area and perception toward e-banking. In this study, the research will be focus on MMU student, CIMB banking users and businessman that will regularly using banking service. The reason that we choose MMU student is because MMU student will often using online banking systems to pay tuition fees, transfer fund to their friends, check for their transaction account anywhere anytime. Apart from this they can teach their parent to use these services since it is very convenience and saving time, especially to those parent that very busy with their work. Besides that, we also focus on CIMB bank users which they can provide some information through interviews or questionnaires. Then, we will determine how depth the respondents understand about internet banking and what their comment regarding e-banking. Through this research we will resolve the inadequate and insufficient of service of internet banking.In addition to this, for sure business man they want to utilize something that very fast, time-saving, and can assist to their business. They can conduct most of their business on the internet and make transactions between their businesses without going to the bank. It can guarantee service quality for users conducting business transactions while utilizing IT applications and infrastructure. Through this research we can ask for some suggestion or any dissatisfied regarding internet banking from different view of business man, CIMB bank users and MMU student.Limitation of the studyThe extension of this study include there are large amounts of people still dont have the internet connection in their home and some dont know how to use e-banking services which will result in lack of internet banking users. There is a need for public knowledge to deal with computers and browsers since there are a lot of public still unable to use the internet applications. Besides that, it will lead to the difficulty of development of e-banking in the country. Customer may prefer visiting the bank branch because there are lacks of social contact regarding e-banking will creates difficulty to the customer since in the bank there will be banker which will helps and assists customer needs. Then it may take some time to learn and get to use to internet banking, as it requires a lot of procedures. If banks server down, customer may not access to the website.Secondly, the limitation that I faced is the difficulty of communication with the respondents when interviewing and collecting data for my research. Some of the people will resist for doing the resear ch survey because they thought I wanted to promote or sell something. The thing that I frequently faced is meeting people who reject to answer any question before I start to talk about my research purpose.Organization of researchIn chapter 1, the main title is introduction which is a beginning section that states the internet banking among difference countries. Background of study explaining what about of a particular topic is placed. Problem statement is focus on the attention of the problem solving team. Research objective is writing about the purpose of this research. In significant of study, I will shift from the particular to the general, and present the importance of the study from target beneficiaries to the people in the community, to the people in the region and nation. Scope of study is focus on the coverage of areas in this research such as student and businessman. The limitation of study is about the restriction that I facing during doing this research.In addition, Chapt er 2 is literature reviews. In this chapter reviews and introduces the previous journals related age, income, education, gender, convenience, perceived ease of use, reliability, saving time and cost, service or service quality and trust. I will focus on how these independent variables influence consumers adoption of internet banking. There will be an overview of some journals about consumers adoption toward e-banking will be presented which will used to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables.In Chapter 3 it is about research methodology that including theoretical framework, hypothesis of study, data collection and data analysis. In Theoretical framework, I will suggest the integrative interrelationships among important variables in the research which is includes age, income, education, gender, convenience, perceived ease of use, reliability, saving time and cost, service or service quality and trust. There are four method are used in data analysis, whic h are frequency distribution, Pearsons correlation coefficient, cross tabulation and descriptive analysis.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewIntroductionIn this chapter 2, I review many journals about this topic in the various area of e-banking. In the 2.2 those journals are investigating about demographic affects the consumers adoption toward e-banking. In the 2.3, those journals are investigating the factors that influence the consumers adoption toward e-banking. In the 2.4, those journals are investigating about the service or service quality which will influence consumers adoption. In the 2.5, those journals are investigating about influence of trust toward consumers adoption.DemographicAccording to Kim,Widdows and Yilmazer (2005), age were influencing the attitude of consumers towards internet banking and their ability for learning how to do investment. The younger age groups of consumers are more likely to invest the time to learn to utilize internet banking because this group of cons umers can generate more advantages through time saving. Besides that, higher income of consumers will have higher value of time than consumers with lower income, so higher income of the consumer can generate more advantages through adoption of internet banking. More educated consumers may involve fewer training in response to technological change if their general skills facilitate them to be taught the new technology (Bartel and Sicherman, 1998). They also indicated that adoption internet banking of well educated individuals is faster than less educated individuals due to the internet banking, new technology, and warrantees reduction of the time required for money transactions.In Padachi, Rojid and Seetanah (2007) report examined that the younger generation the more they like to utilize the new technological advancements as they are more prefer to adopt e-banking compared to the older generation. Mean age of internet banking users is 45 and 47 for non-internet banking users. Further more, the higher of education and income ladder will lead to the greater the probability of customer adopting internet banking. There are 57% of respondent having an education level in the category post graduate and 33% in the category of undergraduate utilizes the service. There are 48% of people using the internet banking that have the income group of Rs 30000 to 49000, which means the higher income earners are more sensible in utilizing internet.In the Jane, Jeanne and Marianne (2004) report explores the discoveries of demographic correlates of technology acceptance have constructed varying results with respect to important relationships to adoption. Men and women show to have dissimilar acceptance rates of specific computer technologies which men will more prefer on adopting technologies application(Gefen and Straub, 1997), but gender appear not to be found to have a direct on adoption of technology in general (Taylor and Todd, 1995 Gefen and Straub, 1997). The research show tha t the probability of higher income households ($75000 or more) being current users of ABP was 15 points higher than low income households (under $25000) and was more likely to adopt e-banking. However, research examined younger persons are being more likely to adopt which has also linked age and adoption of technologies (Zeithaml and Gilly, 1987 Trocchia and Janda, 2000 Karjaluoto, 2002 Lee, 2002). The research shows that the age of 65 of respondents were less likely to adopt phone banking and PC banking compared to medium and youngest group. People with married status are more likely to adopt than single males or females because when it comes to bank accounts, married couples may have jointly held accounts. In region variable households living in the northeast were more likely than in the midwest to have adopted or to intend to adopt phone banking or ABP.In the Demographic characteristics of Western Australian users of electronic banking journal published by Catherine, Simone and K atherine (2005) explored that most online banking customers were male while the majority of telephone banking customers were females. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2001 stated that consumers of Western Australia, who are between 18 and 24 years of age, employed, male, have higher levels of education, and higher incomes have been examined to be more likely to use information technology that those are older, unemployed, lower incomes and have lower levels of education. The authors also examined 58.4% of the internet banking users are being in professional, administrative, managerial or para-professional occupations. This is because males in these occupations often utilize technologies such as computers and the internet in the workplace, providing them access to the required hardware and possibly encouraging a preference for online interaction with providers. Filoto, Tanzi and Saita (1997) Jayawardhena and Foley (2000) Thornton and White (2001) Pereira (2002) have found these customers may be on higher incomes due to their more educated and/or highly skilled and therefore they are in occupations that need them to be more practiced at using technology-based service delivery modes. Mitchell (1998) and Tan (1999) stated that education may not be an important aspect for EFTPOS users because transactions are usually performed in retail settings and they involve retail personnel who assist the completion of transactions for consumers. Jayawardhena and Foley (2000), Orenstein (1998) and Thornton and White (2001) argued that online banking consumers are more likely to have higher than average education and they may frequently be students because of their higher exposure to technologies such as internet and computer. Councils on the Ageing (2002) stated that in some studies have recommended that older consumers may be discouraged from the utilization of electronic banking by issues such as limitation of mobility and visibility.In Jun Wu, 2005 report examined that the products and services people purchase varies during the different stages of their lives. The result of demographic age profile in this research shows that the 21 to 29 age group is dominant. Furthermore, consumers that more educated will have more money available to spend because of better education, and this influences their life-styles. Wilkie (1990) stated that it will influences which type of products they purchase, what kind of stores to purchase them in, and what prices they are willing to pay as people achieve higher education. Customers with better educated be likely to have better paying occupations than not well educated customers (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000) because a persons level of education can affect strongly on their ability to create income and their consumer spending potential. Polatoglu and Ekin (2001) explored that high levels of education improve a consumers ability to process more complicated information and make decisions. Income is a famous demographic v ariable for segmenting markets due to the income levels affect consumer wants and determines their purchasing power (Lamb, 2000). Purchasing power is influenced by inflation, recession, the international valu